Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Vitamin - A
1.
2.
3. H
i
s
t
o
r
y
The discovery of vitamin A may have started from
research dating back 1816.
In 1912, an English biochemist Frederick
Gowland Hopkins found unknown factors
present in milk that were required to aid growth
in rats. (Nobel Prize in 1929)
In 1917, Elmer McCollum and his colleagues
discovered one of these substances while
researching the role of dietary fats.
In 1918, these “accessory factors” were
described as “fat soluble” and in 1920, they
were referred to as vitamin A.
4. • Vitamin A occurs in two forms in food
Retinoids
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid
Carotenes
α- carotene
β- carotene
γ- carotene
11. One ounce of
polar bear liver
contains
enough
vitamin A
(retinol) to kill
a person!
12. The daily requirement of vitamin A is expressed
as retinol equivalents [RE]
1000 RE
MEN
800 RE
WOMEN
1RE =
1 μg retinol,
2 μg of β-carotene in oil,
12 μg of "dietary" β- carotene
3.3 IU of retinol
25. Photoreceptor cells in the retina Required for vision in daylight and colour
identification
PorphyropsinIodopsinCynopsin
CONES
26. Dark Adaptation
• Torsten Wiesel -1981 Nobel prize.
• Bright light depletes stores of rhodopsin in
rods.
• After few minutes rhodopsin is resynthesized &
vision improved.
• This period called -Dark Adaptation Time.
• Increased in vitamin A deficiency.
27.
28. • Retinoic acid is necessary for cellular
differentiation
• Important for…
• Embryo development,
• Gene expression
• Retinoic acid influences production, structure,
and function of epithelial cells that line skin
and mucus cells.
29.
30.
31. • Deficiency leads to decreased resistance
to infections
• Supplementation may decrease severity
of infections in deficient person
32.
33.
34. Night Blindness
• Lack of vitamin A causes
night blindness or inability to
see in dim light.
• night blindness occurs as a
result of inadequate pigment
in the retina.
• It also called tunnel vision.
35. Bitot’s Spot
• These are foamy & whitish
cheese-like tissue spots that
develop around the eye ball,
causing severe dryness in the
eyes.
• These spots do not affect eye
sight in the day light.
37. Keratomalacia
• One of the major cause for
blindness in India.
• Cornea becomes soft and
may burst
• The process is rapid
• If the eye collapses vision is
lost.
38. Other Symptoms of VAD
• Alteration of skin and mucous membrane
• Hepatic dysfunction
• Headache
• Drowsiness
• Peeling of skin about the mouth and elsewhere
A. History.It was first recognized as an essential nutritional factor by Elmer McCollum in
1915 and then isolated from fish-liver oil by Holmes in 1917. On account of its established role
in the visual process, it is often called as antixerophthalmic factor or the “bright eyes” vitamin.
It was first synthesized in 1946 by Milas.
Organ Meats (Liver), Cod Liver Oil
Cheese, Milk products
Carrot juice
Sweet Potato with peel
Tomato
Pumpkin
Spinach
Turnip Green
Mixed Green leafy vegetables
Vitamin A originates in marine algae, and then passes up the food chain to reach the large
carnivorous animals. Toxic levels of vitamin A may accumulate in the livers of a wide range of
creatures such as Polar bears, seals, porpoises, dolphins, sharks, whales, Arctic foxes and huskies.
Even a small meal of southern Australian seal liver, say 80g, may produce illness in man. Most
of the foods recommended as source of vitamin A contain well below the toxic levels of vitamin
A, but one– Halibut liver oil– contains dangerously high amounts of vitamin A.
As regards the vitamin A contents of polar animals, one can see that, in reality, very little
quantities of livers of these animals are required to kill a human being : 30–90 g of polar bear liver
or halibut liver, 80–240 g of bearded seal liver and 100-300 g of Antarctic husky liver is enough
to kill a human being.