This is a simple summary of vitamins and their active form and deficiency

1. Fresh feasts,
great treats
Vitamins
Biochemistry &
deficiency
Green means
GROWTH
By:Weam Nasereldeen

2. • What is the vitamin?
• Classification
• Sources
• RDA for eachvitamin
• Properties
• Structure
• Functions
• Deficiency
By the end ofthis presentation
you have to know:
Objectives

3. •Definition :
Vitamins are a group of organic nutrients , required
in the diet in small amounts for the maintenance of
normal metabolic integrity.
Mostly they are essential so deficiency usually
leads to variousdiseases.

4. Vitamins are classified into two groups
based on their solubility:
•Classification :
I.Water-soluble
vitamins
II.Lipid-soluble
vitamins
vitamins which
can be easily
extracted in
aqueous media
vitamins that
dissolve in fats
(non polar)
media

5. •Differences :
Lipid-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Storage Not stored Stored
Requirement Needed daily Not daily
Excretion Excreted in the urine No excretion
Toxicity not toxic inexcess Toxic in excess

6. Lipid-
soluble
vitamins III.Vitamin E
IV.Vitamin K
There are 4 vitamins in this
group :
I.Vitamin A
II.VitaminD

7. Vitamin A
Sources: liver, egg, dairy products and all
green yellow orange and red fruits and
vegetable
RDA :800 micro gram forfemale ,1000 micro
gram for male
Vitamers :Retinoids (retinol, retinaland
retinoic acid) & Betacarotene

8. •Functions :
•Vision: Retinal is a structural component of rod and cone cells of the retina.
•Reproduction: Vitamin A is needed for sperm and ova production.
•Cell repair: Maintains healthy epithelialtissue
•Growth & Development
•Immunity
•Antioxidant

9. •Deficiency :
Night blindness
(nyctalopia) is your inability tosee
well at night or in poor light
xerophthalmia
Sever form of blindness

10. •Deficiency :
May also lead to:
•Retarded growth, malformed bones
•Dry mucous membranes
•Susceptibility to infection
•Birth defects duringpregnancy
•Sever deficiency some times lead to cancer

11. •toxicity :
>
3-4 times RDA can cause:
•Liver disease
•Nausea, vomiting, headache, hairloss
•Birth defects duringpregnancy

12. Vitamin D
Sources: sunlight, yolk egg,margarine
and oily fish.
RDA :7 to 10micro gram / day
Vitamers :prohormone, found as
cholecalciferol (D3) in animal resourcesand
formed in the subcutaneous tissue and
Ergocalciferol (D2) in plants.

13. •Functions :
•Helps increase blood levels of calcium.
•Bone growth.
•Acts like hormone.

14. •Deficiency :
rickets
Occurs in children resulting from
softening ofbones causing bowed
legs.
Osteomalacia
Occurs in adults causing pain in
bones and muscles.

15. •toxicity :
•Plasma hypercalcemia.
•Kidney stones.

16. Vitamin E
Sources: nuts, seeds, whole grains,green
leafy vegetables, plants oils and animals
fats
RDA :15mg / day
Vitamers :Tocopherol

17. •Functions :
•The major lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membrane
and plasma lipoproteins.

18. •Deficiency :
Rare but if it occurs can lead to :
•Nerves damage and muscleswasting.
•RBCs breaking (hemolytic anemia).

19. Vitamin K
Sources: liver, lean meats, dark green
vegetables, egg, peanuts and it can also
be manufactured by the intestinal
bacteria
RDA :90 micro gram for female and 120
micro gram for male
Vitamers :Phylloquinone (K1)in plants and
Menaquinone (K2) synthesized by the
intestinal bacteria

20. •Functions :
•Coenzyme for carboxylation of glutamate in
postsynthetic modification of calcium-bindingprotein.
•Needed for some coagulation protein such as
prothrombin and otherfactors.

21. •Deficiency :
•Impaired blood clotting andhemorrhagic
disease.

22. Water-soluble
vitamins
There are 9 vitamins inthis
group :
I.Vitamin Bseries
II.VitaminC

23. Vitamin B1
Thiamin Sources: milk, meats, whole grains
vegetables, egg andliver
RDA :1
- 1.5mg / day
Active form:Thiamin pyrophosphate as a
result of phosphorylation of Thiamin.

24. •Functions :
•Coenzyme that has a key role in carbohydrate
metabolism.
•Needed for normal functioning of nervous
system.

25. •Deficiency :
Bari-bari
Chronic peripheral neuritis
classified into dry and wet bari-
bari
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
CNS neuritis which isassociated
specifically with alcohol and
narcotic abuse

26. Vitamin B2
Riboflavin Sources: milk, meats, whole grains,green
vegetables, egg andliver
RDA :1
- 1.5mg / day
Active form :Flavin mononucleotide(FMN)
and Flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD).

27. •Functions :
•Work as coenzyme in oxidation reduction reactions
of carbohydrates fats and proteins
•Needed for growth, repair and development
of various tissues such as healthy skin, eyes and
tongue.

28. •Deficiency :
•Angular stomatitis and glossitis
•Photophobia
•seborrhea
Riboflavinosis

29. Vitamin B3
Niacin Sources: chicken, meats, fish, legumes,
whole grains, yeast and could also be
produced from tryptophan.
RDA :1
3- 16mg / day
Active form :nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamideadenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).

30. •Functions :
•Work as coenzyme in oxidation reduction reactions
of carbohydrates fats and proteins.
•Needed for normal functioning of the nerves.

31. •Deficiency :
•Diarrhea
•Dermatitis
•Dementia
Pellagra

32. Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
Sources: most of food
RDA :5 mg / day
Active form :coenzyme-A and acyl carrier
protein (ACP).

33. •Functions :
•Coenzyme-A helps in metabolism ofcarbohydrates,
fats and proteins.
•ACP helps in fats synthesis.

34. •Deficiency :
•peripheral nerve damage (nutritional melalgai or
burning foot syndrome).
Deficiency is rare

35. Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Sources: nuts, meet, chicken, fish,
legumes and banana
RDA :2 mg / day
Active form :pyridoxal phosphate(PLP).

36. •Functions :
•Coenzyme in transamination and decarboxylation
of amino acids that's include ( synthesis of heme, B3
and neurotransmitters.
•Coenzyme in glycogen phosphorylationand
modification of steroidhormones.

37. •Deficiency :
•Nerve damageand musclesweakness.
•pellagra
•microscopic anemia
•Dermatitis.

38. Vitamin B7
Biotin
Sources: most of food and can be
produced by the intestinalbacteria.
RDA :30 micro gram / day
Active form :D-biotin.

39. •Functions :
•Coenzyme in carboxylationreactions of
glucogenesis and fatty acidsynthesis.
•Has a role in cell regulation.

40. •Deficiency :
•depression, hallucinations, tingling sensationin
arms and legs.
•hair loss.
•Dermatitis.

41. Vitamin B9
Folic acid
Sources: green and leafyvegetables,
liver, meat, yeast andorange.
RDA :300 - 400 micro gram / day during
pregnancy
Active form :Tetrahydrofolate (THF).

42. •Functions :
•Coenzyme in RBCs formation, synthesis of nucleic
acid and skeleton, spinal cord and brain development
in fetus.

43. •Deficiency :
•Megaloblastic anemia
•Neural tube defect

44. Vitamin B12
Cobalamin
Sources: meat, chicken, fish, egg and
cheese.
RDA :3 - 4 micro gram / day
Active form :Metylcobalamin.

45. •Functions :
•Coenzyme in RBCs andmylen sheeth formation,
synthesis of nucleicacid.
•Activation of folicacid.

46. •Deficiency :
•Megaloblastic and perniciousanemia
•Nerve paralysis.

47. Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Sources: fresh vegetablesand fruits.
RDA :60 - 70 mg / day
Active form :L-ascorbic acid.

48. •Functions :
• Helps in absorptionof iron.
•Antioxidant.
•Collagen synthesis
•Protection from infections

49. •Deficiency :
Scurvy
•subconscious hemorrhage.
•Hair and teethloss.
•Anemia
•Suspectability to infections

50. •Resources :
Textbooks:
Websites:
HARPER'S
ILLUSTRATED
BIOCHEMISTRY
28th edition
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