F.Sc. Pre Medical Part 1 Biology Book (Chapter#1 Introduction) by Prof. Muhammad Yaseen HOD Biology department Superior college daska

1. Chapter#1 (Introduction)
Prof. Muhammad Yaseen (M.Phil. Zoology) University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
Contact # +92302-9444730

2. Prof. Muhammad Yaseen
M.Phil. Zoology From University of Agriculture FSD
0302-9444730
Head of Biology/Zoology
Department Message by H.O.D
My aim to endeavor quality education among
students F. Sc. Pre Medical is a first step towards
medical journey. Not only me but also my team
members tried their best to enhance knowledge,
competency and professional attitude of Medical
students. We set new policies each year to
complete the educational desire of our student
by delivering lectures not only through
multimedia also with the help models that all
are present in our biological lab. A no of my
students are full filling their desires by doing
MBBS from prestigious institutes of Pakistan.
Biology is a broad field of basic sciences we tried
our best to teach each and every aspect of
Biology to our students.

3. In the name of Allah, the most beneficent,
the most merciful.

4. Biology

5. CONTENTS

6. Paper Pattern

7. Paper
Pattern

8. Scheme

9. Fields after F.sc pre-Med
 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of
Surgery
 BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy)
 Doctor of Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy)
 Bachelor of Dental Surgery(BDS)
 BS in Nursing
• Medical laboratory Technician
• Medical Imaging technology
• Doctor of Nutrition and science
• BS Anesthesia
 BS Biotechnology
 BS Microbiology
 BS (Hons) Genetics
 Bs (Hons) environmental science
 Bs (Hons) bioinformatics
 BS (Hons) Zoo
 Bs (Hons) Entomologist

22. Meaning of biology
The literal meaning of biology is the study of life.
For biologists life is a set of characteristics that distinguish living
organisms from non living.

25. Characteristics of Life
• Movement
• Respire,
• Synthesis
• Growth
• R Reproduction
• Excretion
• nutrition

28. Physiology
Physiology, study of the functioning of living
organisms, animal or plant, and of the
functioning of their constituent tissues or
cells.

30. Paleontology and Histology
Paleontology
• Paleontology is the study of
the history of life on Earth as
based on fossils. Fossils are
the remains of plants, animals,
fungi, bacteria, and single-
celled living things that have
been replaced by rock
material or impressions of
organisms preserved in rock
Histology
• Histology is the study of the
microanatomy of cells, tissues,
and organs as seen through a
microscope. It examines the
correlation between structure
and function.

31. Evolution and Genetics
Evolution
• Change over period of time is
called evolution
Genetics
• Genetics is a branch of biology
concerned with the study of
genes, genetic variation, and
heredity in organisms.

32. Evolution Genetics
• .

33. zoogeography
Zoogeography, the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with
the geographic distribution of animal species.

34. Other Branches of Biology
1. Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is
a branch of biology which deals with
the structure of organisms, the cells
and their organelles at molecular
level.

36. 2. Environmental Biology
Environmental Biology is the
study of organisms in relation
to their environment. This
includes interaction between
the organism and their
inorganic and organic
environment, especially as it
relates to human activities.

37. 3. Microbiology
This is the study of
microorganisms
which include
Bacteria, Viruses,
Protozoa and
microscopic
algae and fungi.

38. 4. Freshwater Biology
This branch of biology
deals with the
organisms living in
freshwater bodies
i.e., rivers, lakes etc
and physical and
chemical parameters
of these water bodies.

39. 5. Marine Biology
This is the study of
life in seas and
oceans. This includes
the study of the
marine life and the
physical and chemical
characteristics of the
sea acting as factors
for marine life.

40. Difference between Sea and Ocean
• Seas are usually smaller and less deep than oceans.
• An ocean is a vast and a continuous frame of salty water that
shelters almost 70 percent of the total earth's surface while a sea
is a large body of saline water that occupies a greater part of the
world's surface but is smaller than an ocean.

41. 6.Parasitology
This is branch of biology which deals
with study of parasites. The structure,
mode of transmission, life histories and
host parasites relationships are studied
in parasitology

43. 7. Human Biology
It deals with the study of man. This
includes form, structure, function,
histology, anatomy, morphology,
evolution, genetics, cell biology and
ecological studies.

44. 8. Social Biology
This is branch of biology which
deals with social behavior and
communal life human beings.

45. 9.Biotechnology
It deals with the use of living
organisms, systems or
processes in manufacturing
and service industries

46. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
Hundreds of
chemical
reactions are
involved in
maintaining life
of even the
simplest organism

47. Essential and Non essential Bio elements.
• Essential elements are that elements which we need to take it
from the food or another external medium, it can not be
synthesized in body e.g., N, K, S etc.
• Whereas nonessential elements are those elements which are
synthesized in body, and also provided by food in the small amount
e.g., Al, Br, Co etc.

48. Percentage composition of bioelements by
mass of a human being

49. • The fact that the same 16 chemical elements occur in all organisms, and
the fact that their properties differ from those in the non living world,
shows that bio elements have special properties which make them
particularly appropriate as basis for life
Complexity of Biological organization:
Biological organization is not simple. It has high degree of
complexity because of which the living organisms are able to carry out a
number of processes (some very complicated) which distinguish them from
the non living things. A living thing has built-in regulatory mechanisms
which interact with the environment to sustain its structural and
functional integrity

50. Composition of Living things.
A living thing is, therefore, composed of highly structured living
substance or protoplasm. In order to understand the various
phenomena of life, biologists for their convenience, study the
biological organization at different levels starting from the very
basic level of sub atomic and atomic particles to the organism itself
and beyond which the study of community, population and entire
world are included.

52. n organisms elements usually do not occur
in isolated forms. The atoms of different
elements combine with each other
through ionic or covalent bonding to
produce compounds. This stable form is
called a molecule. Hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous and Ca are
the most common atoms found in
biological molecules.
Molecular Level

53. Difference between Micro and
Macromolecules
• micro molecules with low molecular weight like C02, H20 etc.
• macromolecules with high molecular weights e.g. starch, proteins
etc.
Organic and Inorganic molecules:
An organic molecule is any molecule containing both carbon and
hydrogen.
Inorganic molecules do not include carbon and
hydrogen together in a molecule

54. Levels of organization

56. Organelles
• Different and enormous number of micro molecules and
macromolecules arrange themselves in a particular way to form
cells and their organelles.
• An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific
functions within a cell. Organelles are embedded within the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In the more
complex eukaryotic cells, organelles are often enclosed by their
own membrane.

57. Continue….
Functions of the cells are accomplished by these specialized
structures comparable to the organs of the body.These structures
are called organelles.

59. cell
• The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic
structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms.
A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the
"building blocks of life"

62. Continue…..
The arrangement of the organelles speaks of the division of labour
within the cell. The prokaryotes have only a limited number and
type of organelles in their cytoplasm. Eukaryotes are rich in number
and kinds of membranous organelles. A cell membrane is however
present in all cells whether prokoryotic or eukaryotic.

64. Tissue Level
• In multicellular animals and plants, groups of similar cells are
organized into loose sheets or bundles performing similar
functions; these are called tissues. Each tissue has a particular
function in the life of the organism
• Muscle tissue →contraction
• Glandular tissue → secretion
• Xylem tissue → conducting water
• Phloem tissue→ translocation of sugar, proteins etc.

66. Types of muscles

68. ORGANS
• Different tissues having related functions, assemble together in a
structure to carry out its function with great efficiency. Such
structures are called organs and they are specialized to perform
particular functions.

69. Stomach
For example stomach which is an organ has a function of food
digestion (protein part) has a secretory epithelium which secretes
the gastric juice, and a muscular tissue (smooth) for contracting the
walls of the stomach and mixing the food with the enzyme
thoroughly and moving the food to the posterior end.

71. Organs in plants
1. Roots → anchoring the plant, storage of food and procuring
water and minerals.
2. Shoot→ supports the entire plant
3. Leaves are primary organs for food manufacture.
4. Flowers→ reproductive structures are involved in producing the
next generation (reproduction).

72. Organ system
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to
perform a certain function in an organism's body. Most animals and
plants have organs, which are self-contained groups of tissues such
as the heart that work together to perform one function. The
human body has 11 different organ systems.
Organs are part of organ systems where total functions involved in
one process or phenomenon are carried out.

73. Digestive system
• The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of
their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along
the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver

75. Organ systems of Plants
In plants there are two organ systems.
Root system
Shoot system

77. Individual (Whole Organism)
Various organs in plants and various organ systems in animals are
assembled together to form an individual - the whole organism.
Whole organisms has its own individuality .
 It is different from other members of the same species in certain
respects

78. Continue…..
The various functions, processes, activities of an organism are
coordinated. In an animal all the systems work in coordination
with each other.
Example:
if a man is engaged in continuous and hard exercise, not only his
muscles are working but there is an increase in the rate of
respiration and heart beat to supply the muscles with increased
oxygen and food which they need for continuous exercise.
.

79. How coordination is achieved ?
In animals coordination is achieved through
Nervous system
Endocrine system
In plants it is achieved through hormones.

80. Individual (Whole Organism)
Various organs in plants and various organ systems in animals are
assembled together to form an individual - the whole organism.
Whole organisms has its own individuality .
 It is different from other members of the same species in certain
respects

81. Continue….
The various functions, processes, activities of an organism are
coordinated. In an animal all the systems work in coordination
with each other.
Example:
if a man is engaged in continuous and hard exercise, not only his
muscles are working but there is an increase in the rate of
respiration and heart beat to supply the muscles with increased
oxygen and food which they need for continuous exercise.
.

82. How coordination is achieved ?
In animals coordination is achieved through
Nervous system
Endocrine system
In plants it is achieved through hormones.

83. Population level
• A population is a group of living organisms of the same species
located in the same place at the same time.
• Examples are the number of rats in a field of rice, the number of
students in your biology class, or human population in a city.
• Population is a higher level of biological organization than
organism (whole) because here a group of organisms of the same
species is involved. This level of organization has its own
attributes which come into being by living together of a group of
organisms of the same species

85. Community level
• Populations of different species (plants and animals) living in the
same habitat form a community.
• Communities are dynamic collections of organisms, in which one
population may increase and others may decrease due to
fluctuation in abiotic factors. Some communities are complex and
well interrelated, other communities may be simple. In a simple
community any change can have drastic and long lasting effects.

90. What is Biome?

91. Living world in time
• since the time of origin of life on this planet, various organisms
were evolved and dominated this planet during various periods of
geological time chart. This has been found by the evidence
obtained from the discovery and study of fossils which allows
biologists to place organisms in a time sequence. As geological
time passes and new layers of sediments are laid down, the older
organisms should be in deeper layer, provided the sequence of the
layers has not been disturbed.

97. Biological method
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Data Collection
• Conclusion
• Retest

99. Observations:
• The biologist recalls his/her previous
observations or makes new ones. Observations
are made with five senses of vision, hearing,
smell, taste and touch.

100. •An example of an observation
might be noticing that people
living in villages are
more tough and strong.

102. • Kinds of Observations: Observations may be
of two types:
▫ Qualitative observations: Qualitative
observations are considered less accurate then
quantitative ones because the qualitative
observations are variable and non-measurable and
cannot be recorded in terms of number.
For example: The freezing point of water is colder
than the boiling. One liter of water is heavier than
one liter of ethanol.

103. • Quantitative observations: Quantitative
observations are considered more accurate then
qualitative ones because the quantitative
observations are invariable and measurable and can
be recorded in terms of number.
For example: The freezing point of water is 0°C and
the boiling point is 100°C.The mass of one litre
water is 1000 grams while the mass of one
litreethanol is 789 grams.

105. • An intelligent guess

106. • Biologist organizes
his/her and others
observations into data
form and constructs a
statement.
• This tentative
explanation of the
observations is called a
hypothesis.
.

107. Hypothesis
• An example of a hypothesis
might be that the village people
are tough because they do
more physical work.

108. Formulating a hypothesis
• Reasoning: A great deal of careful and creative
thinking is necessary for the construction of a
hypothesis. Biologists use reasoning to
formulate a hypothesis.
• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning

109. Deductive reasoning
• The biologist draws deduction from the
hypothesis.
• This involves the use of “if-then” logic.
• It moves from general to specific.

110. • The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)

111. Deductive Reasoning
Examples:
1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at ASU.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.
2. All athletes work out in the gym.
Barry Bonds is an athlete.
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the gym.

112. Inductive reasoning
• It moves from specific to general.
• Example:
• This marble from the bag is black. That marble from the bag is
black. A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the
marbles in the bag black.

115. Other ways for hypothesis formulation
• Intuition or imagination
• Esthetic preferences
• Religious or philosophical idea
• Comparison and analogy
• Discovery

117. Observation
Hypothesis
formulation
(deductive/inductive)
Hypothesis testing
TheoryProductive theoryTheory testing
Scientific law

118. Theory and productive theory
• Theory : an hypothesis that is repeatedly tested
without ever being falsified.
• Productive theory: a theory that is predictive and
has explanatory power.
• Suggests new and different hypothesis.

119. Scientific law
• A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of
nature, it is virtually an irrefutable theory.
Biology is short in laws due to elusive nature of
life

120. Biology and the services of mankind
• The science of biology has been helping mankind in many ways in
increasing food production; in combating diseases and in protecting and
conserving environment. Biological advances in the field of food and
health have resulted in high standard of living.
• It helps through
1. Genetic engineering
2. Transgenic plants
3. Cloning
4. Biological control
5. IDM
6. Hydroponic culture technique
7. Pasteurization

121. • Genes for disease resistance and other
desirable characters are introduced into
plant, using the techniques of genetic
engineering.
• By this technique broiler and genetically
engineered animals are produced.
Genetic Engineering

122. Transgenic plants
• plants having foreign DNA
incorporated into their cells
E.g. wheat, Rice and corn
plants

123. Cloning
• production of genetically identical copies of
organisms/cells by asexual reproduction and
produces new or fertile offsprings

124. Biological control
• Biological control (control by
some living organisms)
eliminates all such hazards.
• In biological control, pests are
destroyed by using some living
organisms that compete with
or even eat them up.
• An aphid that attacks walnut
tree is being controlled
biologically by a wasp that
parasitizes this aphid.

125. IDM (integrated disease management)
• Effective control of a particular disastrous disease, or all the
common diseases of a plant can be achieved by using all relevant,
appropriate methods of disease control. Such an approach of
disease control is called “integrated disease management”.

126. Hydroponic culture technique
• Hydroponic culture technique
is used to test whether a
certain nutrient is essential
for plant or not.
• In this technique the plants
are grown in aerated water
to which nutrient mineral
salts have been added.
Hydroponic farming,
however, is yet not feasible.
• Astronauts may use it for
growing vegetables

127. Pasteurization
• Different techniques of food
preservation have been
developed for protecting food
from spoilage and for its use and
transport over long distance
without damaging its quality.
• One of these is pasteurization,
developed by Louis Pasteur.
• It is being widely used for
preservation of milk and milk
products.

128. Disease Control
• 1. Preventive measures
• 2. Vaccination/Immunization
• 3. Drug treatment/Gene therapy

129. Preventive measures
The advances in biological sciences have provided us information
about the causative agents of the diseases and their mode of
transmission.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV
(human immuno deficiency virus) and it spreads through
Free sexual contact
Through blood transfusion
By using contaminated syringes or surgical instruments etc.

130. hepatitis is caused by H. virus which is spread through blood
transfusion by using contaminated syringes and surgical instruments
etc.
In this case also doctors advise us to be careful and avoid the point
of contact.

131. Vaccination / Immunization
vaccination:
Injection of a killed or weakened microbe in order to stimulate the
immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease.
Word vaccine is derived from latin word vacca meaning cow.
Edward Jenner First developed the technique of vaccination in
1796.

132. • Cowpox is similar to, but much milder than, the highly contagious and
often deadly smallpox disease. Its close resemblance to the mild form of
smallpox and the observation that dairy farmers were immune to
smallpox inspired the modern smallpox vaccine.
• Once vaccinated, a patient develops antibodies that make them immune
to cowpox, but they also develop immunity to the smallpox virus.
• Since then, inoculation or vaccination is carried out to make the people
immune from viral or bacterial epidemics or, for some diseases the
individuals are vaccinated in their early life to make them immune to
those diseases.

133. It is claimed that small pox has been totally eliminated from the
world by using this method. Scientists are making continuous efforts
to develop vaccine against other diseases.
Even vaccine against AIDS is being administered in humans on
experimental basis.

134. Drug treatment/Gene Therapy
Antibiotics
Radio Therapy and chemo Therapy
Gene Therapy
IDM
Cloning

135. Antibiotics
• Word antibiotic means “against life.
• Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by
bacteria

136. Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
In cancer chemotherapy
and radiotherapy are also
used.

137. Gene therapy
A technique used to repair
the defective genes.
Isolating normal gene from
donor→ insert the normal gene
in retrovirus→ remove bone
marrow cell from patients→
infect the bone marrow cell
with virus→ incorporate the
genetically engineered cell in
patient

138. Cloning
Definition.
Cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical
copy of a cell or an organism.
What is clone?
a cell or individual and all its asexually produced offspring.
Note: not a single organisms reproduce by cloning naturally.

139. History of cloning
• In 1997 scientists in Scotland succeeded
in cloning a sheep. Other mammalian
species (mice and cows) have since been
cloned.

140. Procedure of Cloning
• First of all organism is selected for cloning.
Acceptor
• Nucleus of the fertilized egg of that organism is removed with the help of
syringe.
Donor
• Another nucleus from another donor organism from a cell of a fully developed
individual is taken and inserted in the place of acceptor nucleus.
• Both cell are fused and enucleated with the help of electricity.
• The altered zygote is then implanted in a suitable womb where it completes its
development.
• The new individual formed in this way is a genetically identical clone of the
individual whose nucleus was used.

141. Diagram of cloning

142. Embryo cloning
• Another type of cloning is the division of a single egg or early
embryo into one or more separate embryos.
• This is the same process that normally creates identical twins.
• Offspring from this type of cloning are genetically identical but
carry chromosomes from each of the two parents.
• This type of cloning has already been used to produce genetically
identical cattle and other farm animals.

143. Future scope and importance of cloning
• Man is likely to adopt cloning techniques for commercial
production of valuable animals of known pedigree such as horses
etc.
• At some places scientists are making attempts to clone human
embryo which they believe can serve as transplant donor.
• There is a lot of controversy on this issue as to whether human
cloning should be attempted or not.