TCE presentation that contain a lot of informations such as Cells and DNA with pictures describing them

1. TCE

2. Chapitre 1 : Terminology
WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
The science which deals with the study of living objects and their life processes is called
biology (Greek words, bios – life, logos – study). It covers all aspect of the study of living
creatures like occurrence, classification, ecology, economic importance, external form,
organization, internal structure, nutrition, health and other body functions, reproduction, life
history, inheritance and origin. Being broad – based and multi- disciplinary, the term biology is
often replaced by the term life sciences or biological sciences.
There are three major branches of biology – botany, zoology and microbiology. Botany is the
branch of biology which deals with the study of different aspects of plants.

3. MAIN BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY:
• Some of the main branches of biology are briefly
discussed below:
1. Taxonomy: It is the science of identification,
nomenclature and classification of organisms.
2. Morphology: It is the study of external form, size,
shape, colour, structure and relative position of
various living organ of living beings.

4. 1. Anatomy: It is the study of internal structure which can be observed with unaided eye after dissection.
2. Histology: It is the study of tissue organization and structure as observed through light microscope.
3. Cytology: It is the study of form and structure of cells including the behavior of nucleus and other
organelles.
4. Cell Biology: It is the study of morphological, organizational, biochemical, physiological, genetic,
developmental, pathological and evolutionary aspects of cell and its components.
5. Molecular Biology: It is the study of the nature, physicochemical organization, synthesis working and
interaction of bio-molecules that bring about and control various activities of the protoplasm.
6. Physiology: It is the study of different types of body functions and processes.
7. Embryology: It is the study of fertilization, growth, division and differentiation of the zygote into
embryo or early development of living beings before the attainment of structure and size of the
offspring.
8. Ecology: It is the study of living organisms is relation to other organism and their environment.
9. Genetics: It is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations. Heredity is the study of
expression and transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
10. Eugenics: It is the science which deals with factors related to improvement or impairment of race,
especially that of human beings.

5. • 13. Evolution: It studies the origin of life as well as new types of organism from the
previous ones by modifications involving genetic changes and adaptations.
• 14. Palaeontology: It deals with the study of fossils or remains and impressions of past
• organisms present in the rocks of different age
• 15. Exobiology: It is the branch of scientific inquiry dealing with the possibility of life
in the outer space.
• 16. Virology: It is the study of viruses in all their aspects
• 17. Immunology: is the study of immune system including its responses to microbial
pathogens
• and damaged tissues and its role in disease
• 18. Immunity: is the ability of the host to protect its self against exogenous or
endogenous
• 19.pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and toxins.
• 20. The immune system: comprises tissue, cells and molecules which mount the
immune

6. Chapitre2: Genetic
I- What is a cell :
Title : Ultrastructure of an Animal Cell
Animal cells a re Eukaryotic cells; or
cells with a membra ne-bound
nucleus. Unlike …prokaryotic cells,
DNA in animal cells is housed
within the nucleus. In addition to
having a nucleus, animal cells also
contain other membrane-bound
organelles, or tiny cellular
structures, that carry out specific
functions necessary for normal
cellular operation.
Organelles have a wide range of
responsibilities that include
everything from producing
Hormones and enzymes to providing
energy for animal cells.

7. Organelles and Components: The following are examples of structures and organelles that can be
found in typical animal cells:
• Cell Membrane
- thin, semi-permeable membrane that Surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents.
• Centrioles
• -cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
• Hyaloplasm
-gel-like substance within the cell.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
-extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with ribosomes (rough ER) and regions without
ribosomes (smooth ER).
• Golgi Body
-also called the Golgi apparatus, this structure is responsible for manufacturing, storing and shipping certain
cellular products.
• Lysosomes
-sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids.
• Microtubules
-hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.
• Mitochondrion
-Cell components that generate energy for the cell and are the sites of cellular respiration.

8. • Nucleus
-Membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information.
• Nucleolus o - Structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of ribosomes.
• Nucleopore o - tiny hole within the nuclear membrane that allows nucleic acids and proteins to move into and
out of the nucleus.
• Ribosomes
-consisting of RNA and proteins, responsible for protein assembly.
• II- What is anucleus?
molecules in complex with a large variety of , such as histones, to form
chromosomes, The genes. within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome.
The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control
the activities of the cell by regulating
The Nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

9. What is a DNA :

11. Thank you for your attention