Thermal transducers analysis- Research paper MEMS Advance manufacturing Masters

2. ِ ٰ‫اّلل‬ ِ‫ل‬ۡ‫ب‬َ‫ح‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ۡ‫و‬ُ‫م‬ ِ‫ص‬َ‫ت‬ۡ‫اع‬ َ‫و‬َّ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫َل‬ َّ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬ۡ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ج‬‫ا‬ ۡ‫و‬ُ‫ُق‬

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5. Advance
Manufacturing
Engineering

6. Thermal Transducers Analysis
Abstract- Reliable operation of a transducer carries a great importance while choosing
it for a particular application. This report characterizes the thermistor (10k),
thermocouple and LM35 in detail. Thermal transducers are widely used in most of the
industrial and scientific instrumentation. Transducers of different types and parameters
are commercially available in the market by different manufacturers. Some parameters
need to be checked before they use in a specific application. This paper includes
comparison of thermistor, thermocouple and LM35 on such parameters which will be
helpful for selecting proper transducer for specific application.

7. Outline
5W
1
H
What
Who
When
How
Why
Where
is thermal transducer?
invented?
it became need of technology?
it works and how about this research?
we analyze?
it is used and applicability of this research?

8. What
• A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one form of energy/ physical
quantity to another form of energy/ physical quantity.
• Transducers which convert thermal quantity /temperature into electrical
parameter.
• Some thermal transducers:
Thermistors Thermocouples
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

9. Who
Galileo
Galileo built a device that showed
changes in temperature sometime
around 1592. This appears to have
used the contraction of air in a vessel
to draw up a column of water, the
height of the column indicating the
extent of cooling.
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

10. Roy Carlson, a civil engineer, that big strides
were made with pressure transducer
technology.
He designed the first unbonded wire strain
gauge to measure the strain inside a concrete
Roy Carlson structure.
James West is a U.S. inventor and
professor who, in 1962, developed the
Electrical transducer technology later
used in 90 percent of contemporary
microphone
James West
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where
Who

11. When
• 1856-The discovery of resistance change as a result of strain
Lord Kelvin reported his findings in a paper describing the characteristics of copper
and iron conductors subjected to mechanical strain.
• 1880-The discovery of piezoelectric effect
The brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie found that certain types of crystals, such as
quartz or tourmaline, can be electrically polarized when pressure was exerted along their
hemihedral axes.
• 1930-The unbonded wire strain gauge - Roy W. Carlson
• 1936-The carbon resistor strain gauge
Charles M. Kearns Jr. (Hamilton Standard Propeller Co) used a flattened carbon
resistor bonded to an aluminium specimen (patent US2,252,464 A) and glued it on a blade
of a propeller allowing him to measure the dynamic strains of the propeller which were the
cause of many in-flight propeller breaks in the years 1931 to 1938. Based on his findings, he
adapted the design of the propeller. The number of air crashes due to propeller failure fell
from 40 to 0.
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

12. • 1938-The bonded wire strain gauge
Arthur C. Ruge (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Edward E.
Simmons (California Institute of Technology) developed the bonded wire strain gauge
(patent US2,393,714 A) almost simultaneously and independently from each other.
• 1954-The discovery of piezo-resistivity in semiconductors
C.S. Smith (Bell Laboratories) was the first to discover the piezoresistive properties of
semi-conducting silicon and germanium. In his seminal paper "Piezoresistance effect in
germanium and silicon" he wrote about the exceptionally large shear coefficients of both
materials which couldn't be explained in terms of previously known mechanisms.
• 1959-The first piezoresistive pressure sensor
Dr. A. D. Kurtz, a metallurgist, founded the company Kulite Semiconductor Products
Inc. in 1959 and established, together with the company Bytrex Corporation, a jointly
owned subsidiary called Kulite-Bytrex Corporation. Kulite-Bytrex was the first company to
commercialize a pressure sensor based on the piezoresistive principle (licensed under the
Bell patent US3,034,345 A), followed by the company Micro Systems one year later.
When
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

13. How
Thermal transducer:
that converts the thermal quantity into any physical quantity.
such as mechanical energy, pressure and electrical signals
etc.
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

14. How
• We will carry out analysis of thermistor, thermocouple
and LM35 transducer.
• Includes the equations of its response and comparison
based on various parameters such as linearity, errors,
sensitivity.
For this we have taken the voltage
• readings between room temperature 20°C to 150 °C.
• All readings were taken at same operating conditions,
for all transducers simultaneously for avoiding errors in
readings
About this paper
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

15. • Thermo couple
About ResultsHow
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

16. • Thermistor
How About Results
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

17. Why
This analysis is use for the selection for the transducer of
the particular temperature range.
For the case of thermistor we can also select the particular
range of operation according to the requirement of
application and linearity we required in working.
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

18. Where
We observed that for general purpose application
such as room temperature measurement with
higher resolution in operation we can go for
semiconductor type transducer with higher bits
ADC’s.
Also for some special applications we can chose the
thermal transducers according the sensitivity,
linearity, and power requirement.
What> Who>When>How>Why>Where

19. References
• Thermal Transducers Analysis NCMOC – 2015
Adwait A. Borwankar, Ajay S. Ladkat
Manisha R.Mhetre.
• researchgate.net/publication/303664516_Thermal_transducer_Analysis
• www.omega.com/prodinfo/pressure-transducers.html
• www.electrical4u.com/temperature-transducers/
• users.telenet.be/instrumentatie/pressure/pressure-transducer-history.html