My graduation project was a designed and implemented automated control systems -such as power windows, wipers and central lock- for a real car using AVR® microcontroller, Arduino boards, and an Android application to control all the tasks of these systems.

1. Alexandria University 2013
Supervisors: -Prof. Dr. Samir Deghedy Erfan
-Dr. Mohamed S. El Habrouk

2.  Main idea.
 Control systems in this project.
 Microcontrollers used.
 Control systems details.
 Summary.
2

3. 3

4. 4

5.  AVR microcontroller
5

6.  Arduino microcontroller
6

7.  IOIO
7

8.  Lead Acid Battery
8

9.  A battery supplies power to the starter and
ignition system to start the engine.
 A battery also supplies the extra power
necessary when the vehicle's electrical load
exceeds the supply from the charging
system.
9

10.  Automotive batteries acts as a voltage
stabilizer in the electrical system.
 An automotive battery converts chemical
energy into electrical energy.
 Low Cost.
10

11.  Batteries are made of
five basic components:
o 1. A resilient Plastic
container.
o 2. Positive and negative
internal plates made of
lead.
11

12. o 3. Plate separators made
of porous synthetic
material.
o 4. Electrolyte, a dilute
solution of ~ 36% sulfuric
acid and ~ 64% water
better known as battery
acid.
o 5. Lead terminals, the
connection point between
the battery and whatever
it powers.
12

13.  A typical 12-volt car
battery, case is divided
into six sections, or cells.
 The cells are connected
with a metal that
conducts electricity.
 Each cell has 2.1 V.
 So the total will be 12.6 V
13

14.  The lead terminals, or
posts, are welded on.
 The battery is then
filled with electrolyte
- or battery acid -
a mixture of sulfuric
acid and water, and
the cover is attached.
14

15.  At Discharging
◦ Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction):
 Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
◦ Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction):
 PbO2(s) + H2SO−
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e → PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
(S) : refers to solid
(aq) : refers to acquisition
(l) : refers to liquid
15

16. ◦ The total reaction can be written:
 Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
16

17.  At Charging
◦ Negative plate reaction:
 PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e → Pb(s) + HSO−
4(aq)
◦ Positive plate reaction:
 PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + HSO−
4(aq) +
3H+(aq) + 2-e
17

18.  Alternator forces electrons back into the battery.
 Amount of water decreases in electrolyte.
 Amount of acid increases in electrolyte.
18

19.  We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to
-0.38V.
 The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to
1.72V.
𝑉 = −0.38 + 1.72 = 2.1 𝑉
19

20. 1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
“Specific gravity means exact weight”
 A "Hydrometer“ compares the exact weight of
electrolyte with that of water.
 Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer
using colored floating balls.
 Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier
than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery.
20

21.  By weight, the electrolyte in a fully charged
battery is about 36% acid and 64% water.
 The specific gravity of water is 1.000.
 Acid is 1.835 times heavier than water, so its
specific gravity is 1.835.
 The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has
a specific gravity of 1.270, usually stated as
"twelve and seventy."
21

22. 22

23. 2. The battery's open circuit voltage:
 used to gauge the state of charge
 These are general voltage ranges per cell:
◦ Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge: 2.10V
◦ Open-circuit at full discharge: 1.95V
◦ Loaded at full discharge: 1.75V
23

24.  Charging period consist of 3 stage:
◦ Constant Current Charge
◦ Topping Charge
◦ Float Charge
24

25. 25

26.  An electromechanical device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
26

27.  A rotating magnet
produce flux.
 Flux cutting the
stator winding
produce EMF
 Produce AC voltage
27

28. 28

29.  Rotating magnet is an electromagnet,
not a permanent magnet.
 So, we can control the magnetic field
strength.
 So, output voltage may be controlled
independently of rotor speed.
29

30.  Consist of three main components:
◦ Battery
◦ Alternator
◦ Regulator
30

31. 31

32.  The alternator's regulator is its brain.
 There is two type:
◦ Build-in Regulator
◦ External Regulator
32

33.  To make a voltage regulator or “smart
regulator” we will use Buck-Boost converter.
 By taking feedback from the battery and use
it to keep the voltage constant.
33

34.  DC-to-DC converter
 The inverting topology
34

35.  Inductor selection:
◦ The higher the inductor value, the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the
reduced ripple current.
◦ Select the largest value of inductance calculated
from equations.
◦ Buck mode: Boost mode:
35

36. ◦ Buck mode: Boost mode:
𝐿 >
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡)
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑑∗𝐹𝑠𝑤∗𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥∗𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐿 >
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛2(𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2∗𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑑∗𝐹𝑠𝑤∗𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor
ripple current relative to the maximum output current. A good
estimation is from 20% to 40%.
Fsw: Switching Frequency
36

37.  So, we will use:
L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V
Vout=10 : 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
 So, we will use AVR microcontroller to
generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz, and
controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer
to change the output voltage
37

38. 38

39. IN = PWM from AVR
HO= MOSFET’s gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor, and then
connected to MOSFET’s source (Floating Point)
39

40. Using Microcontroller

41.  Major functions for automotive
air conditioner.
 Nature of heat.

42.  Sources of heat enter the vehicle.
 Changes of state:
• Evaporation
• Condensation
• freezing.
 Pressure & temperature relationship.

44.  Formed in Stratosphere
 Protecting the earth's surface
 Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

45. Historical information
R134a properties

46.  Compressor
The compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator.
 Compressor Clutch
The clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor.

47.  Condenser
 The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger
and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the
cooler outside air.
 R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure
high temperature vapor & travels through the tubes of
the condenser.
 Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air.
 The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid
state. At this point a large amount of heat is given off by
the R134a. The refrigerant will now be a hot, high
pressure liquid.

48. Expansion Valve System:
 High pressure side:
 entering R134a to the compressor
 Low pressure side:
 entering R134a under low(Pressure. & Temp.)
 Heat transfer:
 R134a in the
Low pressure side is
cold and hot at high
pressure

49.  R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication
system.
 Refrigerant oil is circulated around the A/C
system saturated in the refrigerant.
 PAOIL:
• The best automotive compressor lubricant
• Used in all automotive what ever the brand
• It's a non- aggressive.
• Safe oil that won't effect seals or hoses and
• compatible with other lubricants.

50.  These seals are fitted in between the condenser
and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air
from exiting
 Heated air can be circulated back through the
condenser.
 This increase the condenser temperature and
causes reduction in the performances of the A/C
system.

51.  Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow
 Also most modern vehicles now have smaller grilles
or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver
 Removing moisture

52.  The function of the accumulator
 Operation
 Clutch diode
 Thermal protection switch
 Refrigerant Pressure Switches
 Low pressure
 High pressure

53.  Benefits of using the pressure transducer
 protect switches that have a low current

54.  Sun-load sensor:
Description: photochemical diode - dashboard.
Function: This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight
 Ambient temperature sensor
Description: depending on the ambient air temperature
Function: monitor the outside temperature

55.  Now we can make a small embedded system to
control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using
microcontrollers (A/C ECM).
 ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be
considered a microprocessor/Controller to control
the surrounding heat.
 i.e. Automatic Voltage Regulation
(AVR)

58. a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535)
 ADC for Temperature and Pressure
i.e. temperature measured by lm35
 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors
 LM35: Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp
 Potentiometer : Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD:
 Monitoring Temperature and pressure

60. Leakage problems
1. refrigerant change will cause system damage
2. Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion
3. Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection
1. When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage
point
2. Ultraviolet fluorescent system:
• Injected into A/C
• passed over each component
• Glow bright
3. Electronic Detector: Hearing Sound

61.  Precautions must be followed at leakage:
1. Always wear eye protection.
2. wear gloves(frostbites)
3. Avoid breathing R134a vapor
4. Avoid Transfer R134a
5. Avoid Heat Container

62. 62

63.  Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone,
493,527 accidents in Germany were caused
by driver error.
 These accidents occur due to :
1-driving on the wrong side of the road.
2-inappropriate speed.
3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
63

64. 64

65.  The first systems were introduced in the
1930’s but it took until the 1960’s/1970’s
only on top of the range prestigious cars.
 From the mid to late 1980’s, Anti-lock
Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper, and
available on entry-level cars.
65

66.  The main braking system of a car works by
hydraulics. This means that when the driver
presses the brake pedal, liquid pressure
forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel.
66

67.  There is 2 types of friction:
1-friction between wheel and brakes.
2-friction between wheel and road.
67

68.  The wheel lock up when….
friction between wheel and road
<
friction between wheel and brakes
68

69.  The difference in speed between vehicle body
and wheel is expressed as a percentage, and
is called the ‘’ slip ratio ’’.
69

70. 70

71.  Four-channel, four-sensor ABS
 Three-channel, three-sensor ABS
 Two-channel, two-sensor ABS
 One-channel, one-sensor ABS
71

72.  Speed sensors
 Electronic control unit “ECU”
 Hydraulic control unit “HCU”
72

73. This detects individual wheel speeds and sends
this information to the ABS ECU.
73

74. 74

75. 75

76.  The deceleration sensor is a device that will
give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehicle’s
deceleration.
76

77. 77

78.  It Controls the entire system and monitors
wheel speed and determines wheel lock up.
 It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator
to reduce, hold or increase the brake fluid
pressure.
 The control has been done by AVR
(ATMega8535)
78

79. start
If pedal==1
If S3>=30
Read T0==1S
Read M==no of pulses
S1=m1/T0
S2=m2/T0
S3=(S2-S1)/S2*100
Inlet valve==0
Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3<=10
Inlet valve==1
Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flow
chart
79

80. 80

81.  it consists of:
 Valves
 Pump
 reservoir
81

82.  There two valves in the brake line per wheel,
the two valves have three positions:
 The pressure increases by opening the inlet
valve ,and closing the outlet valve.
 The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and
outlet valve.
 The pressure decreases by opening the outlet
valve and closing the inlet valve.
82

83.  The pump puts the pressure back after a
valve reduces the pressure in a line
 The reservoir is a temporary store for the
excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the
pump to remove the fluid from the circuit.
83

84. 84

85. 85

86. 86

87. 87

88. 88

89.  Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
 Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
 save lives in some situations by helping
drivers keep control of a vehicle.
89

90.  Some times, more distance for stopping than
the desired distance due to noise
 ABS can be expensive to maintain. Expensive
sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of
dollars to fix
 It's easy to cause a problem in an ABS
because it is a accurate systems.
90

91. 91

92. The steering system refers to the collection of
components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the
driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows.
92

93. • The steering mechanism.
93

94. Steering parts
Steering Wheel
Steering Shaft
Steering Column
Pinion
Rack
Inner ball joint or
socket
Rubber bellows
Tie-rod
94

95. Power assisted steering types
1. Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
95

96. 2. Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist
Steering (EHPAS) System
96

97. Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
97

98. Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering
systems following hydraulic steering systems.
An electric motor is used directly to assist the
driver.
98

99. Components and control
algorithm
99

100. Benefits
-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle.
-This reduces weight.
-Increases operational accuracy .
-Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer
emissions too.
100

101. Flow
chart
101

102. Proteus simulation
102

103. A look to the future
1. Automated Parking System.
2. Vehicle Stability System.
3. Lane Departure Warning System.
4. Collision Avoidance System.
103

104. 104

105.  The external lights consists of front, sides,
rear and in some cases top lights.
105

106.  The colors of external lights largely
standardized by longstanding convention.
106

107. 107

108. 108

109. 109

110. 110

111. 111

112. 112

113.  Arduino Leonardo.
 Features.
 Protection.
113

114. 114

115. 115

116. 116

117. 117

118.  Moving the window up or down with by
pressing buttons without holding on.
 Stopping conditions.
118

119. 119

120.  Moving the motor right and left.
 Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the
window glass.
120

121.  H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC
motor control and single-phase DC/AC
inverter applications.
121

122.  (JBT, IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-
Bridge.
 MOSFITS are the best.
 Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of
voltage and current ratings.
122

123. 123

124.  MOSFET is used to switch back and forth
between the cutoff region (off state) and the
Ohmic region (on-state).
124

125.  VG S < v t h for off-state.
 VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state.
125

126.  To provide enough voltage for firing.
 For isolation between microcontroller and
power circuit.
126

127. 127

128.  T=K*I .
 Series resistor with the motor.
 Comparator device.
 Reference voltage the compare it with the
voltage on the series resistor.
128

129.  If v2>v1
 So, vout is near of +v.
 If v1>v2
 So, vout is near of -v.
 The output is essentially digital in nature
either on or off.
129

130. 130

131. Starting current !!
131

132. 132

133.  AVR AT-mega 16.
133

134.  Two 4N25 opto-couplers.
134

135.  Four IRF540 MOSFET.
135

136.  One 741 op-amp _comparator:
136

137.  Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter,
one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and
one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing.
137

138. 138

139. 139

140. 140

141.  Importance of mirrors.
 Control system.
-Using two pb. Pb1 to move right & pb 2
to move left.
141

142.  It is simpler than AVR & easier programming
language.
142

143. 143

144.  why servo motor?
144

145. 145

146. 146

147.  Ordinary wipers.
 Rain sensing wipers.
 Smart wipers.
147

148.  Manual Control.
 Automatic Control.
148

149.  AVR ATmega 16.
149

150.  4N25 optocoupler.
150

151.  IRF540 MOSFET.
151

152. 152

153. 153

154.  Using PWM technique.
154

155. 155

156. 156

157.  AVR AT-mega 16.
 Switches.
 LEDs.
157

158. 158

159. 159

160.  Introduction
 Accessory
development kits
 SparkFun IOIO
 Eagle Drive
 Software description
 Sensors
160

161.  Android is a Linux
based open source
operating system
designed for touch
screen mobiles and
tablet computers by
Google , it’s been
revealed in 2007 and
first Android phone
sold in October
2008.
161

162.  Android's user
interface is based on
direct manipulation,
using touch inputs
that loosely
correspond to real-
world actions, like
swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse
pinching to
manipulate on-screen
objects.
162

163.  Internal hardware such
as accelerometers,
gyroscopes and
proximity sensors are
used by some
applications to respond
to additional user
actions
163

164. 164

165. 165

166.  Accessory
Development Kit
 Each ADK release is
provided with source
code and hardware
specifications
 Android accessories
can be exercise
machines, personal
medical testing
devices, weather
stations
166

167.  is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the
same functionality of
Google ADK and only
costs about 50$
 we will have to write
two codes, one for
Arduino board and
the other for Android
program.
167

168.  the cheapest, it only
costs 40$
 the same functionality
and with one code for
the android program
and the board code.
168

169.  Voltage between 5V-
15V should be
supplied.
 designed to work
with your Android 1.5
and later device
 Digital Input/Output,
PWM, Analog Input,
I2C, SPI, and UART
control can all be
used with the IOIO
169

170.  have you ever
imagined to control
your by your mobile
 Control engine
starting
 Windows
 Lights
 Check Sensors
 Or Drive the vehicle
170

171.  android application
based on minimum
API level 10 which
 The software has 5
modes or 5 main
features appear on the
main screen when
user opens it
171

172.  The main screen
has 5 touch
buttons as you
see in the picture,
when user presses
any button, it
should get him
the attached task
of this button.
172

173.  This mode is mainly
designed for
controlling the car
windows opening and
closing levels
 It consists of 4 seek
bars for the 4 windows
and the output is PWM
to control the window
level.
173

174. Start
Get Seek
bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached
pin
END
174

175.  This mode is
designed for
controlling the
internal and external
lights the layout
consists of two
toggle buttons for
the external lights
and seek-bars to
control the internal
lights.
175

176. 176

177.  This mode is a
simple mode to
start engine,
contains only
toggle button.
177

178.  This mode is
designed for
checking the car
states.
 check the speed.
 the ABS system.
 check engine and
lights.
178

179. 17
9

180. Types:
 Hardware-based
sensors
 Software-based
sensors
180

181.  Physical components
built into a handset or
tablet device.
 They derive their data by
directly measuring
specific environmental
properties, such as
acceleration,
geomagnetic field
strength, or angular
change.
181

182.  Software-based sensors
derive their data from
one or more of the
hardware-based sensors
 Sometimes called virtual
sensors or synthetic
sensors.
 Ex: The linear
acceleration sensor and
the gravity sensor.
182

183.  Type: Hardware
 Measures the
acceleration force in
m/s2that is applied to a
device on all three
physical axes (x, y, and
z), including the force of
gravity.
 Used in Motion detection
(shake, tilt, etc.)
183

184.  This mode is designed
to drive your car with
your Android device ,
in this mode we can
attach a servo motor
to the driving wheel to
steer it , or we can
control the steering
motor directly.
184

185.  It mainly consists of
a single text view
 It reads
accelerometer data
in x direction and
rotate the servo.
185

186. 186

187. 187
 Main idea.
 Control systems in this project.
 Microcontrollers used.
 Control systems details.

188. 188