automatic solar direction analyser and tracking system

1. AUTOMATIC DUAL AXIS SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM WITH
THERMAL REFRIGERATION
INTERNAL GUIDE :
PROF. R. V. AMARNATH
PRESENTED BY:
DHANAVATH ANIL
(13E31A0213)
KOLLI MANOGNA
(13E31A0221)
SK.DADA RASHEED
(13E31A0236)
RAAYIKOTI SHRAVANI
(138P1A0203)
DONKENA ANUSHA
(118P1A0203)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Solar energy is rapidly becoming an alternative
source of energy.
• Solar panels are installed in the direction of the
sun.
• Now the problem arises that the sun is moving.
• The position of maximum radiation receiving
position only comes once in 24 hours.
• Refrigeration is a process in which work is done
to move heat from one location to another.
• In solar refrigeration refrigerator will run on
electricity provided by solar energy.

3. OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
• Dual axis tracking system uses LDR sensors.
• LDR sensors is fed to microcontroller.
• According to the intensity of LDR’s microcontroller gives command
to the motor to rotate.
• The generated power is also used for refrigeration .
• We use this Solar power based on thermocouple effect for
refrigeration.

4. OBJECTIVE
• To generate power from solar panel using dual axis tracker.
• To track every position of the sun.
• To use alternative source of energy for refrigeration.
• To provide refrigeration free from CFC's.
• To provide compressor free refrigeration.

5. PURPOSE
• To generate constant power all the day time.
• To maintain good efficiency output.
• To design automatic tracking circuit with microcontroller.
• To generate refrigeration free from CFC and other harmful
gases.
• To provide transportation of cooler items without power
supply from transformers and other transmission lines.

6. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• LDR’S are used to detect the direction of the intensity of solar
radiation.
• Microcontroller analyses the data from LDR’s.
• Microcontroller commands L293D controller to rotate motors.
• Stepper motors are located at both horizontal and vertical axis.
• The output from panel is used to drive the motors.
• Panel rotates according to the sun's direction.

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM

8. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• Thermal refrigeration uses the principle of
Peltier effect.
• Current passes through the circuit
junction joining two dissimilar metals
• During this the heat is either absorbed or
released at the junction.
• Absorbed heat is used for refrigeration.

9. •

10. METHODOLOGY
• We need to develop a prototype of two-axis solar tracking system
based on microcontroller.
• Light dependent resistors are used as sensors.
• The resistance of LDR decreases with increasing light intensity.
• Four LDRs are used for detecting the direction of light.
• Maximum energy is absorbed with higher efficiency.
• Peltier effect is used to cool the thermal fridge.

11. ADVANTAGES
• Easy maintenance
• Environment friendly
• Compact and less weight
• High reliable.
• It is a non conventional energy source.
• Sun is universal source and cannot diminish.
• Free from pollution.
• Cost of fuel is free.

12. DUAL AXIS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

13. THERMAL REFRIGERATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

14. • Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
or a photo resistor is a device
whose resistivity is a function of
the incident electromagnetic
radiation.
LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTORS

15. PRINCIPLE
• A light dependent resistor
works on the principle of
photo conductivity.
• Resistance of LDR
decreases with increasing
light intensity and
increases with decrease in
light intensity.

16. WORKING
when the photons fall on the
device, the electrons in the
valence band of the
semiconductor material are
excited to the conduction
band.
when light having enough
energy strikes on the device,
more and more electrons are
excited to the conduction
band which results in large
number of charge carriers.

17. • Panel is made up of silicon
semiconductor.
• In the panel the solar cells
are arranged in series and
parallel connections for
rated yield of voltage and
current.
SOLAR PANEL

18. PRINCIPLE
• Solar panel works on the
principle of photo voltaic
effect.
• It generates electricity
when light falls on the
solar panel.

19. WORKING
• When light falls on the
panel then the
semiconductor absorbs
the photons in which
the holes and electrons
in the valence band
activate to the
conduction band and
generates electricity.

20. • DC motor is a motor that
works on DC power input.
• DC motor consists of series,
parallel and compound
motors.
• Here we use either series or
parallel (shunt) motors.
DC MOTOR

21. PRINCIPLE
• The motor works on the
principle of conversion of
energy.
• In this Electrical Energy is
converted into mechanical
energy.

22. WORKING
• whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical
force". The direction of this force is
given by Fleming's left hand rule and
it's magnitude is given by F = BIL.
• When the armature of the motor is
rotating, the conductors are also
cutting the magnetic flux lines and
hence according to the Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction, an emf
induces in the armature conductors.
The direction of this induced emf is
such that it opposes the armature
current (Ia) .

23. • The microcontroller used is
ATMEGA8 controller which is
developed by AVR
technologies ATMEL
corporation .
• It is an 28 pin IC which is
used to control the operation
of the panel direction
according to the sun's
direction .
MICROCONTROLLER

24. PIN DIAGRAM

25. PIN DESCRIPTION
• Memory:
It has 8 Kb of Flash program memory (10,000
Write/Erase cycles durability), 512 Bytes of EEPROM
(100,000 Write/Erase Cycles). 1Kbyte Internal SRAM.
• I/O Ports:
23 I/O line can be obtained from three ports;
namely Port B, Port C and Port D.
• Interrupts:
Two External Interrupt source, located at port D. 19
different interrupt vectors supporting 19 events
generated by internal peripherals.

26. PIN DESCRIPTION
•Timer/Counter:
Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit,
one 16 bit, offering various operating modes and
supporting internal or external clocking.
•SPI (Serial Peripheral interface):
ATmega8 holds three communication devices
integrated. One of them is Serial Peripheral
Interface. Four pins are assigned to Atmega8 to
implement this scheme of communication.A

27. PIN DESCRIPTION
•USART:
One of the most powerful communication solutions is
USART and ATmega8 supports both synchronous and
asynchronous data transfer schemes. It has three pins
assigned for that. In many projects, this module is
extensively used for PC-Micro controller communication.
•Analog Comparator:
A comparator module is integrated in the IC that
provides comparison facility between two voltages
connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator via
External pins attached to the micro controller.

28. PIN DESCRIPTION
•TWI (Two Wire Interface):
Another communication device that is present in
ATmega8 is Two Wire Interface. It allows designers to set up
a commutation between two devices using just two wires
along with a common ground connection, As the TWI
output is made by means of open collector outputs, thus
external pull up resistors are required to make the circuit.
•Analog to Digital Converter:
Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an
analog input signal into digital data of 10bit resolution. For
most of the low end application, this much resolution is
enough.

29. • L293D is a driver circuit that
drives the motor .
• It is interfaced by the
Microcontroller and works
according to the controller
program.
• It consists of two H -bridges
which helps to drive two motors
either in clockwise or in anti
clock wise.
L293D(DRIVER)

30. PIN DIAGRAM

31. WORKING
• It is a 16 pin IC which consists
of 4 ground pins, 4 input pins,
4 output pins, 2 enable pins, 2
Vcc pins.
• pin 3&6 are connected to
motor 1 and pins 11 &14 are
connected to motor 2.
• The supply voltage Vcc is
5V,and enable pins are shorted
with Vcc.

32. • RPS is used to control the power input.
• A regulated power supply is an embedded
circuit; it converts unregulated AC into a
constant DC.
RPS

33. COMPONENTS
• Diodes
• Transformer
• Voltage regulator
• Resistor
• Capacitor

34. CHARGING CIRCUIT
• It is a circuit that charges the battery at 12V .
• It helps to provide constant power supply to the
thermal fridge.

35. • It is the key component of
the thermal refrigerator.
• It is made up of P-N junction
semiconductors .
• The pn junction is covered
with ceramic plates on both
sides.
• One face of the Peltier plate
absorbs heat and another
face releases heat.
PELTIER PLATE

36. PRINCIPLE
• It works on the principle of
Peltier effect.
• If the series connection of
the pn junction is given
the power supply then it
absorbs heat on one side
and releases another side.
• It is the combination of
both Thompson effect and
seeback effect.

37. WORKING
• The device has two sides, and
when a DC electric current
flows through the device, it
brings heat from one side to
the other, so that one side
gets cooler while the other
gets hotter. The "hot" side is
attached to a heat sink so that
it remains at ambient
temperature, while the cool
side goes below room
temperature.

38. BATTERY
• Here we use 12V battery.
• The battery provides backup
in the absence of solar power
.
• It also supports Peltier plate
for constant temperature
output.
• Lead acid battery is used for
the backup .

39. PROCEDURE
• The circuit is connected according to the
provided circuit diagram.
• The program is dumped into the microcontroller
.
• The whole equipment is placed in the sunlight.

40. TESTING
• The whole equipment is placed in the sun light .
• The power output from the solar panel is
measured by means of the multimeter.
• The motor RPM is measured using tachometer.
• The tilted angle of the solar panel is measured .
• The power output from the RPS is determined
using LED indicator.
• The temperature inside the fridge is measured
using thermometer .

41. TEST RESULT
• The output voltage of the solar panel is
measured as 12V.
• The solar panel rotates it's axis according to the
direction of sunlight.
• The LED light glows which indicates the working
of RPS.
• The temperature inside the fridge is measured
15 degrees less than the room temperature.the

42. SPECIFICATION
S.N
O
NAME RATINGS QUANTITY
1 SOLAR PANEL 12V/5W 1
2 DC MOTORS 3.5 RPM 2
3 DRIVER L293D 1
4 DIODES IN4007 5
5 TRANSISTORS BC547 1
6 TRANSFORMER 12-0 1
7 REGULATOR 7805 1
8 LDR SENSORS - 4
9 RESISTORS 10 KOHMS
330 OHMS
4
1
10 PELTIER PLATE - 1
11 HEAT SINKER - 1

43. CONCLUSION
• Hence we can conclude that the maximum
energy from the solar panel is absorbed by
aligning the panel perpendicular to the
direction of sun rays ,and the panel output
is connected to the thermal fridge which
cools the contents present in the fridge.