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1. Respiration in organisms

2. Why do we respire?
● A cell is a structural and functional unit of living organisms.
● Cells performs functions like nutrition, transport, excretion etc for which it
requires energy.
● The food has stored energy which it releases during respiration.
● During breathing we breathe in air which is rich in oxygen and breathe out air
that is rich in carbon dioxide.
● The air we breathe is transported to all parts of the body and ultimately to
each cell.
● In the cells, oxygen in the air helps in the breakdown of food.
● The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the release of energy is
called cellular respiration

3. Aerobic Respiration
● In cells, the food (glucose) is broken down into carbon
dioxide and water using oxygen.
● When the breakdown of glucose occurs with the use of
oxygen it is called aerobic respiration.

4. Anaerobic Respiration
● Many organisms ( like yeast)can survive in the absence of
air. They are called anaerobes.
● They get energy through anaerobic respiration.
● In the absence of oxygen glucose break down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide. It is called anaerobic respiration

5. Anaerobic respiration in humans
● Muscles of humans also respire anaerobically, for a short period of time.
● During heavy exercise, cycling, walking for many hours etc, the demand for
energy is high but the supply of oxygen produced is limited.
● Anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles to fulfil the demand of energy.
● Cramps occurs in muscles due to anaerobic respiration. Accumulation of
lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
● Taking a hot water bath or massage improves circulation of blood, due to
which supply of oxygen to muscle cells increases.
● This increase in the supply of oxygen results in the complete breakdown of
lactic acid into carbondioxide and water.

8. Breathing
● Breathing is taking in air rich in oxygen and giving out air
rich in carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs.
● The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is called
inhalation and giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is
known as exhalation.
● The number of times a person breathe in a minute is
termed as the breathing rate.
● A breathe means one inhalation plus one exhalation.
● On an average, an adult human being at rest breathes in
and out 15-18 times in a minute (After heavy exercise up
to 25 times per minute)

9. Why do we yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy?
● One is that when we are bored or tired, we just don’t
breathe as deeply as we usually do.
● Our bodies take in less oxygen because our breathing has
slowed.
● Therefore, Yawning helps us bring more oxygen into the
blood and move more carbon dioxide out of the blood.

10. How do we breathe?
● We breathe through our nostrils into our nasal cavity.
● From the nasal cavity, the air reaches our lungs through
the wind pipe.
● Lungs are present in our chest cavity , which is
surrounded by ribs on the sides.
● A large muscular sheet called diaphragm forms the floor
of the chest cavity.
● Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and
the rib cage.

11. Human respiratory system

12. ● During inhalation, the ribs move up and outward and
diaphragm moves down.
● This movement increases space in our chest cavity and
air rushes into the lungs.
● The lungs gets filled with air.
● During exhalation, ribs move down and inward, and the
diaphragm moves up to its former position.
● This reduces the size of the chest cavity and the air is
pushed out of the lungs.

13. Mechanism of breathing in human beings

16. ● From the nostrils the air passes into the nasal cavity and
then goes down the windpipe or trachea.
● From here, the air goes through two smaller tubes called
bronchi (singular bronchus), one of which enters each
lungs.
● In lungs each bronchus divides and redivides into finer
tubes called the bronchioles.
● Each bronchiole ends in a number of air sacs, called
alveoli (singular alveolus)
● Alveoli have very thin walls and are supplied with blood
capillaries.

17. Sneezing

18. Model to show mechanism of breathing

19. Effect of exhaled air on lime water
(Calcium hydroxide)

20. Breathing in other animals
Cockroach
● A Cockroach has small openings on the side of its body called spiracles.
● Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for exchange of gases.
● Oxygen rich air rushes through the spiracles into the tracheal tubes, diffusing
into the body tissues, and reaches every cell of the body.
● Carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the tracheal tubes and moves out
through spiracles.
● These air tubes are found only in insects and not in any other group of
animals.

21. Tracheal System
Cockroach Grasshopper

25. Earthworms
● Earthworms breathe through their skin
● The skin of the earthworm feels moist and slimy on
touching.
● Gases can easily pass through them.
Frogs
Frogs have a pair of lungs like human beings, they can also
breathe through their skin, which is moist and slippery.

27. Breathing under water

28. Do plants also Respire?
● Plants respire. They take in oxygen and give out
carbon dioxide.
● In cells oxygen is used to break down glucose into
carbon dioxide and water.
● The leaves of plants have tiny pores called stomata
for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
● The root cells of plants also need oxygen to generate
energy.
● Roots take up air from the air spaces present between
the soil particles.

29. Roots absorb air from the soil

30. What happens if a potted plant is overwatered?