A summer training report on residential building construction

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RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
Seminar submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of B.Tech In JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY an autonomous institute of Bikaner Technical University.
By
MD SUHAIL AKHTAR
Reg. No :- JIET/CE/20/048
Roll No :- 20EJICE044
Under the Guidance of
PROF. SAURAV SONI
(Assis. Prof. Civil Engineering)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JIET, JODHPUR

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CERTIFICATE

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to KOHINOOR’S NIWAS
CONTRUCTION who gives me a great opportunity to work with him ,where I utilize my
knowledge and skill effectively and gather a lot of particle knowledge. Their unflagging
support and continuous encouragement throughout the summer training work. Without his
guidance and persistent help this training would not have been possible.
I would like to also thanks TPO and training coordinator who give golden opportunity to work
on this project. Without their help, completion of this project would have very difficult.
MD SUHAIL AKHTAR
( Department of Civil Engineering)
Reg. No. :- JIET/CE/20/048

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Abstract
• This project describes analysis and design of residential building.
• The proposed residential building is to be constructed at Ranipur, Chunabhatti,
Darbhanga, Bihar. The area of the proposed building 47’x40’ (G +2) will be
constructed.
• Isolated footing will be consider having 5’ depth from ground surface
• Double layer of mesh will used having 4’x 4’ in footing.
• The project is to be developed independent and creative thinking fundamental
theoretical knowledge was obtained during the course of the study practical
application of filed.
Signature of the student
MD. SUHAIL AKHTAR
Reg.No. - JIET/CE/20/O48
Semester : 5th Sem
Branch: Civil Section: 5I2
Date : 08/10/2022

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Table Of Content
Certificate………………………………………………………………………….. 2
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………. 3
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Table Content……………………………………………………………………… 5
1.0 Specification of Sites ………………………………………………... 6
1.1 Site Selection Criteria……………………………………………. 6
1.2 Measurement of plot …………………………………………….. 8
1.3 Precautions of measurements…………………………………….. 9
1.4 Preparation of plan……………………………………………….. 9
1.5 Plan Specification………………………………………………… 9
1.6 Floor Plan ………………………………………………………... 10
2.0 Layout……………………………………………………………. 12
1.7 2.1 Building Layout………………………………………………. 12
2.2 Objective of building layout……………………………………… 13
2.3 Process of layout…………………………………………………. 14
3.0 Nomenclature…………………………………………………… 15
3.1 Lapping…………………………………………………………… 15
3.2 Joggle…………………………………………………………….. 16
3.3 Chair……………………………………………………………… 17
4.0 Footing …………………………………………………………... 18
4.1 Shallow footing…………………………………………………... 18
4.2 Deep footing……………………………………………………… 18
4.3 Footing adopted at site …………………………………………… 20
4.4 Depth of Foundation……………………………………………… 20
4.5 Width of foundation……………………………………………… 21
4.6 Precaution………………………………………………………… 21
5.0 PCC ……………………………………………………………… 22
5.1 Ingredients………………………………………………………... 22
5.2 Uses of Pcc……………………………………………………….. 22
5.3 Property PCC …………………………………………………….. 22
6.0 Reinforcement bars …………………………………………….. 23
6.1 Diameter …………………………………………………………. 23
6.2 Grades …………………………………………………………… 23
6.3 Stirrup…………………………………………………………….. 24
6.4 Types of stirrup ………………………………………………….. 24
6.5 Cutting Length …………………………………………………… 25
7.0 Column ………………………………………………………….. 25
7.1 Minimum RCC column ………………………………………….. 25
7.2 Standard side …………………………………………………….. 25
7.3 Concrete grades…………………………………………………... 27
7.4 Column used at site ……………………………………………… 27
8.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 28
9.0 References ………………………………………………………. 29

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1. Specification of the site
• A 47’x 40’ plot located at Ranipur, Chunabhatti, Darbhanga, Bihar.
• Plot is 2 KM away from the district Darbhanga.
• Plot is 2 km away from the Airport, around 2.7 km away from the railway station and
3 km away from the bus stand.
• Plot is 500 m away from the government primary school 2 km away from the
government School & university.
• Hospital is near 3 KM and police station is 2.5 km away.
• Site is 3 km away from the superstores & malls.
• Plot has North Facing having one side main 10’ road while one side 8’ street.
1.1 Site selection criteria for the residential building
Natural defects of a site will involve considerable expenditure on construction and maintenance
of the building. While unsatisfactory conditions in the neighborhood of locality will cause
unhappy living conditions on one hand and possible deterioration of the value of property on
the other.
Therefore, the following general factors should be considered while selecting a site for building
construction.
I. Purpose of Building
This is the most important factor to consider before purchasing or selecting a site for residential
purpose. The site should be selected keeping in view the general scope or the purpose of
building and on the basis of extent or privacy required.
II. Friendly Neighborhood
The site should be situated in locality which is already fully developed or which is fast
developing. To secure happy living conditions, generally such neighborhood is preferred where
the neighbors belong to an equal status in society and who should be social and friendly.
III. Available Facilities
The plot should be in a locality where the various facilities as mentioned below are available.
• Community services such as police and fire protection, clearing of waste and street
cleaning
• Utility services such as water supply, gas, electricity, and drainage
• Amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries, recreation, telephone, etc
• Shopping and transport facilities.

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IV. Shape & Size
Area of the plot of land should be such that the house constructed, keeping in view the
restrictions of the local authority, would meet the requirements of the owner, preferably with
possibilities of future extensions. The site should not be irregular in shape or having any sharp
corners.
V. Terrain Condition
The site should be situated on an elevated place and also levelled with uniform slopes from one
end to the other so as to provide good and quick drainage of rain water.
VI. Type Of Ground Soil
The ground soil of the site should be good enough to provide economical foundations for the
intended building without causing and problems. Generally, for most satisfactory
constructions, the site should have rock, sand or dense soil below 60 to 120 cm layer of light
soil or even black cotton soil.
VI. Natural Light & Air
The location of the site should be such as to ensure unobstructed natural light and air.
VII. Environmental Condition
The site should be available in a locality where natural beauty and man-made environment
create healthy living and working conditions. Environment also affected by nearest factories,
kiln etc: so these thing also need to be considered.
VIII. Legal & Financial Aspects
The legal and financial aspects, which dictate upon ownership rights and the costs, should be
given due consideration before the purchase of a plot.
IX. Other Factors
A site should be abandoned under adverse circumstances such as unhealthy, noisy or crowded
localities; immediate neighbourhood or rivers carrying heavy floods, badly maintained drains;
reclaimed soils or water logged areas, subject to submergence or settlement and; industrial
vicinity having smoke and obnoxious odours.

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1.2 Measurement of Plot
• 4 Sides of plot
AB :- 57’
BC :- 39’3”
CD :- 66’6”
AD :- 39’4”
• Technology Used
Measuring Tape 30 ft.
Pegs
Bhumi Puja

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1.3 Important Point While Taking Measurement
✓ Measuring tape should not be turned or sagging, it may lead error in the measurements.
✓ If land is uneven and bushes are present try to clean the vegetation if possible or take
measurement above some height.
✓ Measuring tape should be taken horizontally straight and tape should be tightly handled
if any sagging present try do to straight providing some jerk.
✓ Accurate measurement should be taken.
✓ Measurement should be taken vertically upward above the point.
✓ All measurements should be taken in one unit either in feet or inches or in meter.
✓ Site should be measured in diagonally also that help to make plot straight and help to
decide the offset.
✓ Measurement should be taken keeping some offset like adjacent building, roads, electric
pole, trees etc. that will help while doing layout.
1.4 Preparation of Plan
• Like need is the mother of any invention, as a civil engineer making the dream structure
in real world is our duty.
• Designing of plan is directly depend up on the need of client.
• Client satisfaction is most important thing but taking factor of safety in mind.
1.5 Plan Specification
• Client need shop, parking area, BHK system rooms with attach lat-bath and open space.
• Good elevation and natural ventilation system.
• Design should follow Vaastu Sastra.
• Good sevage system.

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1.6 Ground, 1st & 2nd floor plan are attached below.
Ground Floor Plan

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First & Second Floor Plan

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2. Layout
2.1 What Is Building Layout
• A building layout indicates the foundation plan on a ground surface, as shown in
its drawings so that in order to carry out excavation, the positions, as well
as orientation of the structure, can be precisely defined.
• The foundation is set out as per the engineer’s or architect’s foundation plan
drawings and specifications.
• The layout of building plan involves the entire structure, so it must be done once
the conditional survey with desk study is completed.
• All garbage, obstacles, and even growing plants should be cleared from the whole area.
• Setting out a building is the process of bringing architectural concepts from drawing to
the ground.
• It determines the location point of site boundaries, wall center lines, foundations,
column, along with the other structural elements.
• It also provides the proper size, angle, as well as level of the building. The entire
structure must be placed and constructed in accordance with the initial setting out.
• This generally includes utilizing stakes, batter board with string lines, drill holes, cut-
and-fill notations, and other ways to identify the building corners, horizontal and
vertical location.
• The structure and foundation are placed in accordance with the controlled
measurements as well as references on the produced drawings.
• The total length and breadth of the structure, lengths to road center–line and some
other structures, measurements throughout the structure, and
other assessments about approaches as well as rights-of-way are all included in
the measurements and references.

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2.2 Objectives Of Building Layout
• The purposes of surveying for construction works are to set out the planned structure
in accordance with establish designs and indicate the project’s controlling points in the
most practical way for the construction forces.
• The stakes, drill holes, batter boards mostly with string lines, cut–and–fill notations,
and some other traditional method are used to indicates the building’s corners as well
as other lateral and vertical positions.
• Generally, some types of reconnaissance as well as site assessment, precedes the exact
layout of the structure. The procedures listed below are typical of large construction
projects.
i. Conducted reconnaissance (aerial, map, and ground)
ii. Choosing a location (paper and instrument)
iii. Specifying control (horizontal and vertical)
iv. Observing topography (plane table)
A Picture While Layout

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2.3 Process Of Layout
There are number of method for layout as I mentioned above that depend upon area of plot,
cost of project, equipment availability.
So, here we have adopted traditional method for making layout by According to the
Pythagorean Theorem, the square of the two sides of a triangle that adjoin the right angle (legs)
are equal to the square of the third side (hypotenuse). This is expressed mathematically as a² +
b² = c².
To use, multiply the length of each leg of the triangle by itself then add the two sums
together to find the length of the hypotenuse when the angle is at 90°.
The easiest way to accomplish this is to use the 3-4-5 method:
• Measure 3 feet out from the angle you want to make 90° in one direction.
• Measure 4 feet out from the angle you want to make 90° in the other direction.
• Measure across the two points and adjust the angle until the distance on the third
side of the triangle is 5 feet.
Note :- You can also use multiples of 3-4-5 in the same ratio (such as 6, 8, 10) to form
larger or smaller right angles.

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3. SOME IMPORTANT NOMENCLATURE
3.1 LAPPING
Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to up to the design length.
Lapping in Column
The length at which two bars of a column are spliced or overlapped in order to maintain the
continuity of the bars throughout the length of the column.
Lapping Zone
If the length of the column is L, then the length L / 4 from the top and bottom of the column is
classified as tension A-zone and the central length L / 2 of the column (B-Zone) is considered
a safe area for the purpose of lapping.
Note :- All bars that are overlapped should be offset in B-zone as shown in the drawing above.
In any case, no more than 50% of the rebar should be lapped to the same level. If all bars in the
column are overlapped at the same level, it will cause column failure.
Lapping in Beam
• Due to this loading, the beam will tend to bend in a way that the maximum bending
moments will be generated at the center of the spans. There will be positive moments
at the center of the spans and negative moments at each support. Due to the maximum
bending moment, the top fiber of the beam at each end and the bottom fiber in the mid-
span will experience maximum tension. Hence, they can be called tension zones of the
beam and we can’t overlap the bars in tension zones because the reinforcement bars
would come out of the concrete due to maximum stress.
Lap Length = 50D
Where D = Diameter of bars

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• For bottom bars, we can’t overlap the bars at the mid-span of the beam due to maximum
tension in the bottom fiber of the beam. On the other hand, the top bars can be
overlapped in the mid-span of the beam due to minimum tension in the top fiber of the
mid-span. If we divide the span into three equal parts, the overlapping of top bars should
be done in the intermediate zones and each bar should be overlapped at alternative
levels within the lapping zones.
• The bottom bars should be overlapped at column junctions up to a distance of L/4 from
each end and each bar should be overlapped at alternative levels within the lapping
zones.
• Note: Not more than 50% of the bottom bars in a beam are overlapped in the same zone
plus columns of any clear span.
3.2 JOGGLE
When we provide lapping in the reinforcement bars, we bend either of the two bars to align
them with each other. These bent-up bars are called joggled bars in the civil field.
Joggle is provided to prevent the buckling of the RCC structure and transmit load properly to
top reinforcement to bottom.
Lap Length = 50D
Where D = Diameter of bars
J = 6D

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3.3 CHAIR
• Chair reinforcement or simply chair rods are small structural elements that are used to
place the reinforcement bars in the correct position and maintains the correct space
between the top and bottom reinforcements.
• Chair bars are used primarily on the slab and flooring. The diameter of the chair bar
should not be less than 12 mm.
Why Chair Bars Are Used in Reinforcement?
• Maintain the required spacing between the top and bottom reinforcement cage in
footings, slabs, raft foundations, etc.
• Maintaining a clear cover for reinforcement during concrete vibration.
• To protect the upper and lower cages from displacement and sagging during concreting
due to movement of trolleys, walking of workers, dead load of new concrete etc.
• Provide additional support for reinforcement bars.
• To increase the tension property of concrete. This helps to prevent structural collapse
due to failure in the tension zone.

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4. FOOTING
The footing is a structural member that safely transmits the load of the upper building to the
ground, and is the first construction member of the building. The basic method of footing
design is to distribute the load so that the size per area of the load transmitted from the upper
part of the building is less than the strength that the ground can support, that is, the bearing
capacity. With this function, the footing is a structure installed between the ground and the
column or wall immediately above it, and the important point in the basic design is to reduce
the total amount of settlement and prevent the occurrence of immobile settlement.
Depending on the depth of the soil in which the foundation is made, there are two types
of foundation used in constructing buildings :
4.1 1. Shallow foundation – These are used for small and light buildings. They are commonly
referred to as spread footings or open footings. There are four types of shallow foundation:
• Individual footing or isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Strip foundation
• Raft or mat foundation
4.2 2. Deep foundation – These are used for large structures. There are two main types of deep
foundation:
• Pile foundation
• Drilled Shafts or caissons
The foundation used should be sturdy enough to bear the load of the structure.
Therefore, large-area footings are needed to spread the vertical load, improving the stability of
the building. Different kinds of footings are designed based on the soil type, the type of
structure, the site topography, and other local requirements arising during the design process.
Individual footing or isolated footing
A footing that supports an individual column is known as an isolated footing.

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Combined foundation
A footing that supports two or more columns is known as a combined footing. It is used when
two or more columns are close to each other or two or more individual footings of a column
would overlap.
Strip Foundation
A footing which supports a number of columns in a line has to be a combined footing known
as strip footing. It is used when the row of a column is closely spaced and their spread footings
overlap with each other.
Raft Footing
If loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are heavy and the allowable soil pressure is
small then footing requires more area. In such a case, it may be better to provide continuous
footing under all columns and walls. Such kind of footing is called a Raft Footing.

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Pile Footing
When the soil has a low bearing capacity or the ground water level is high, pile footings are
applied. Piles are common while building foundation for bridges, dam etc. in walls.
4.3 Footing Adopted At Site
• Since soil was good and hard strata was found below the 5’ we have adopted
Isolated footing.
• Dimension of footing was 4’x4’.
• Double layer of mesh was provide having 6” center to center spacing.
• Extra small 2 piece of L section bars was provided on adjacent side of column.
4.4 Depth Of Foundation
Depth of foundation depends on following factors:
I. Availability of adequate bearing capacity.
II. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils due to seasonal changes, which
may cause considerable movements.
III. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.
IV. Possibility of excavation nearby
V. Depth of groundwater table
VI. The minimum practical depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. To allow
removal of topsoil and variations in ground level.
Hence the best-recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter to 1.5 meter from
the original ground level.

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4.5 Width of Foundation / Footings
The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light loaded buildings
such as houses, flats, school buildings, etc, have not more than two storeys, the width of the
foundation is given below:
I. The width of the footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall.
II. The width of the footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and a half brick
wall.
4.6 Foundation Excavation Precautions
I. The depth and width of the foundation should be according to structural design.
II. The minimum depth of the foundation is 1 meter in case the design is not available.
III. Check the length, width, and depth of excavation with the help of centerline and level
marked on the marking pillars.
IV. Dump the excavated material/ earth at a distance of 1 meter from the edges.
V. Start excavation work when the soil is dry.
VI. Arrange a water pump to pump out rainwater.
VII. Compact the bottom layer of the foundation.
VIII. There should be no soft places in the foundation due to roots etc.
IX. Dugout any soft/ defective spots, and fill the excavated area with concrete/ hard
material
NOTE :- Depth and Width of foundation may vary according to the design and soil
bearing capacity. Depth of foundation may vary until hard strata comes.
5. PCC
Before placing the reinforcement bars or mesh for footing we have to make surface hard by
tampering stones or bricks pieces on the surface and after that a 3”-4” layer of PCC is provided,
when PCC work settled down then we cast footing.
Reinforcement is provided is called Plain Cement Concrete (PCC). PCC Full Form in Civil
Engineering is Plain Cement Concrete.
• It is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate containing a suitable
proportion of water.
• It is sometimes called mass cement concrete or cement concrete.
• It is considerably stronger in compression but weak in tension and shear.
• Grading used 1:1.5:3.

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5.1 Ingredients of PCC
I. Cement
II. Sand (Fine Aggregates)
III. Coarse Aggregates
IV. Water
5.2 Uses of PCC
• Some of the uses of plain cement concrete are:
• It is commonly used in the construction of the column foundation, massive
gravity dams, flooring, etc.
• It is used in rigid pavement construction (reinforcement-less rigid pavement).
• In small-scale canal construction; PCC is used.
• It is also used in some stone masonry works.
5.3 Properties of PCC
Some of the properties of plain cement concrete are:
I. Strength
• The PCC should have high compressive strength.
• The tensile strength should be 8-12% of compressive strength and shear strength
should be 8-10% of compressive strength.
• The compressive strength of the PCC depends upon the following:
I. Cement Content
II. Water Cement Ratio
III. Method of mixing, placing, compacting, and curing.
IV. Quality of materials used
V. Age of the concrete.

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II. Durability
PCC should be able to resist climate as well as chemical actions to be durable.
III. Workability
• PCC should be highly workable. It should be easy to mix, manage and transport.
It should be free from bleeding and segregation.
• Workability can be tested with a slump test.
IV. Fire Resistance
PCC should be highly resistive towards the fire to prevent problems like firing, spalling of
concrete, etc.
6. REINFORCEMT BARS
6.1 Diameter of Bars
In India, there are different size/diameter of Steel bar used in construction are 6mm, 8mm,
10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm and so, higher dai/size
of steel bar like 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 100mm are customise according to requirement by
various Steel Company and are available for sale.
6.2 Grades of Bars
TMT bar manufacturers in India manufacture four different grades of TMT bars – Fe-415, Fe-
500, Fe-550, and Fe-600.The numbers indicate the level of stress that must be applied to
deform it and higher the grade, the stronger and superior the bar is. The grades are given
according to their strength and rigidity.
Bars Used At Construction Sites
We have used Fe-500 grades bars having diameter 8MM for Stirrup and 16 MM beam and
column.

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STIRRUP
A stirrup refers to a closed loop of reinforcement bar. Its main purpose is to hold the
reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure. When used in a column, they provide lateral
support to the main reinforcement bars to prevent buckling.
6.4 Types of Stirrup
Rectangular Stirrup Square Stirrup
Circular Stirrup Four-Legged Stirrup

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6.5 Cutting Length of Stirrup
Cutting Length of Stirrups = Perimeter of Shape + Total hook length – Total Bend Length
Important Basic formulas:
• Perimeter of Rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)
• Perimeter of Square = 4 x side length
Perimeter of circle or Circumference of Circle = 2πr = πd (r= radius, d= Diameter of Circle)
The below standards are most important in calculating the hook length and bend lengths at
corners while finding cutting length of stirrups.
• 1 Hook length = 9d or 75mm
• 45° Bend length = 1d
• 90° Bend length = 2d
• 135° Bend length = 3d
Stirrup Adopted At Site
• 8MM bars are used for stirrup making.
• Four legged stirrup are used.
• Spacing between successive stirrup are 6” center to center.
NOTE :- Minimum spacing between two successive stirrup is 100 mm or 4 inches while
maximum spacing is 300 mm or 11 inches.
7. COLUMN
Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive loads
chiefly. This structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation.
7.1 Minimum size of RCC column
Minimum size of an RCC column should not be less than 9”x 9” (225mm x 225mm) with 4
bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C.
7.2 Standard size of column
Standard size of an RCC column should not be less than 9”x 9” (225mm x 225mm) with 4 bars
of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. I will
recommended 9″ × 12″ (230mm × 300mm) standard size of RCC column for ground floor
residential building.

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• Column size for ground floor/1st floor building
For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of ground/1st floor residential
building, using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 9”x 9” (230mm x
230mm) with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups
of T8@6″C/C.
• Column size for 2 storey (G+1) building
For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+1 (2 storey) residential building,
using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 9”x 12” (230mm x 300mm) with 6
bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C.
• Column size for 3 storey (G+2) building
For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+2(3 storey) residential building,
using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 12”x 12” (300mm x 300mm) with
6 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C.
• Column size for 4 storey (G+3) building
For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+3/4 storey residential building,
using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 12”x 15” (300mm x 380mm) with
4 bars of 16mm and 2 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m25 grade of concrete and stirrups
of T10@6″C/C.
NOTE :- This is only a thumb rule it may vary according to design and structure of
building.

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7.3 Concrete Grading Uses For Column Casting
Type of Concrete Concrete
Grade
Mix Ratio Characteristic
Compressive strength of
Concrete
@28Days in N/mm2
Ordinary concrete M5 1:5:10 5 N/mm2
M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 N/mm2
M10 1:3:6 10 N/mm2
M15 1:2:4 15 N/mm2
M20 1:1.5:3 20 N/mm2
Standard Concrete M25 1:1:2 25 N/mm2
M30 Design Mix 30 N/mm2
M35 Design Mix 35 N/mm2
M40 Design Mix 40 N/mm2
M45 Design Mix 45 N/mm2
M50 Design Mix 50 N/mm2
High Strength
Concrete
M55 Design Mix 55 N/mm2
M60 Design Mix 60 N/mm2
M65 Design Mix 65 N/mm2
M70 Design Mix 70 N/mm2
7.4 Column Used At Site
• Dimension of column adopted 9”x12”
• 6 Numbers of bars was taken having 16 MM diameter
• 8 MM dia bars was taken for stirrup making having 6” center to center spacing.
• 20 MM covering was taken from each sides
• M20 grade of concrete was used for casting the column.

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CONCLUSION
• Gained Basic Knowledge in the field of construction.
• Learned an importance of proper communication between office and work site.
• Learn wise use of available resources.
• The training has revamped my confidence.
• Learned about safety requirements at sites.
• Leaned real time problem solving.
• I am happy that I have choose Civil Engineering.

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REFERENCES
www.civilblog.org
www.civilconcept.com
www.todayshomeowner.com
www.midasstructure.com
www.gharpedia.com
www.civiltutorial.com
www.dreamcivil.com
thecontructor.org
MD SUHAIL AKHTAR
Department of Civil Engineering
REG NO. JIET/CE/20/048
THANK YOU

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