Herd Health Management Guide

 Herd Health: A Textbook of Health and
Production Management of Agricultural Animals, 1985
BY
O.M. Radostits and D.C. Blood
 Health and Disease in Farm Animals
BY
W.R. Parker, Pergaman press, Oxford.
Text Books

Herd Health
A planned animal health and
production programme commonly
known as herd health, is a
combination of regularly scheduled
veterinary activities and good herd
management designed to maintain
optimum animal health and to achieve
optimum production in farm animal,
particularly in cattle, buffalo and

INTRODUCTION
• Most important need of human is a
dependable food supply
• The efficient production of livestock that
yield meat and milk is a major concerned
of human society in general and
sociologist, animal scientist, animal
specialist

INTRODUCTION
• Veterinarian are concerned with the effects
of health on the production of herds of
animals.
• In 1975, a committee chaired by the
Micheal Swann in U.K inquiry into the
veterinary profession on the role of
veterinarian into future

INTRODUCTION
• The committee indicate that the profession
will be increasingly concerned with
preventive medicine on the farm ,
including advice on husbandry and
management for the purpose of
maintaining and improving animal health
and welfare, the productivity and
profitability of the farm business and
hygiene of its product.

INTRODUCTION
• The role of veterinarian in planned animal
health and production in farm animal,
particularly in cattle, sheep and swine.
• A planned animal health and production
program commonly known as herd health,
is a combination of regularly scheduled
veterinary activities and good herd
management designed to maintain
optimum animal health and to achieve
optimum production.

INTRODUCTION
• In herd health programm, the veterinarian
visits the herd on a regular basis to
examine animals and their performance
and to make recommendations for the
control of disease and improvement of
production
• It is an intensive program in which the
veterinarian with the assistance of other
specialist-make details recommendation
about the daily management of the

INTRODUCTION
• This may include recommendation on
nutrition, breeding programme, the
purpose of breeding stock, selling of
animals ready for market, and advice on
cash flow.

OBJECTIVES
• The primary objective in a herd health
programme is to maintain animal health
and production at the most efficient level
that will provide maximum economic
returns to the animal owner
• The ever-present goal is to control and
manage animal health and production at a
high level of efficiency and at the same
time to seek and introduce new techniques
that will continue to improve efficiency

OBJECTIVES
• Secondary objectives include the
provision of comfortable animal housing
comensurate with reasonable animal
welfare, minimization of pollution of the
envirnment by animal wastes, and the
prevention of zoonotic diseases

TARGETS OF PERFORMANCE
• The objective of herd health are achieved
by application of the concept of target of
performances
• A target of performance is the level of
animal health and production that is
considered to be optimum and will yield
the best economic returns on investment.
• It is determined from the performance
found on a sample of farms that are
considered to be representative of the
economically conscious commercial farm

• In a HHP, the actual performance of animal
health and production is determined on a
regular basis and compared with the
targets of performance
• The difference between the targets of
performance and the actual performance
are the shortfalls
•

• The actual causes of failure to achieve the
targets of performance are then identified,
recommendations for improvements are
made, and performance is monitored
continuously to assess the effectiveness of
the action taken. The cycle is then repeated
on a continuous basis
• VHHM is an integral part of animal food production
in other countries such as the Netherlands, Austria,
Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Germany
and Canada.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
HERD HEALTH PROGRAMMES
 Several factors have prevented the
widespread adoption of herd health veterinary
service by the farmers and veterinarians
 Some farmers have not fully appreciated the
existance of subclinical diseases and the
economic returns that are possible by accurately
monitoring animal health and production and
taking positive actions to improve performances

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HERD HEALTH PROGRAMMES
 Several factors have prevented the widespread adoption of herd health veterinary service
by the farmers and veterinarians
 Farmers have traditionally been willing to pay
for emergency veterinary service on individual
clinically ill animal
 Reluctant to pay for veterinary advice when
the result are not immediately obvious
They perceived veterinarian as primary
providers of clinical service only

 Large dairies require an integrated approach
to herd management, but the owner donot
search a vet. to provide this integrated approach
 they rely on feed representatives, nutritionist,
accountants, staff of dairy cooperatives

 Because the Vet. Have little conflict of interest
in giving advice about nutrition, proper facility
design, general management issues, from the
perception of veterinarian is a clinician only,
they deprive the owners
 Changing this perception is required to
restructuring of many vet.medical curriculla
with special emphasis on course in epidemiology,
preventive medicine, herd management,
nutrition and similar objects.

 This has been a major stumbling block in the
rate development of herd health services
 Gain in preventive Vet. Medicine in the recent
past has been achieved– financial conciousness,
education of farmers
 Cost effectiveness and benefit cost analysis
have become the important yardsticks rather
than winning at cattle fairs and shows.

 Economic viability is applied to health and
productivity, the tendency for technical service
and advice to be used much more to the mutual
advantage of the service and farmers.
 The goal and values of farmers may also have
been responsible for the slow growth of herd
health

 The major factors affecting the rate of
development and success of HHP has been the
lack of reliable animal health and production
records.

 The economic values of the animals can
influence the development of HHP. As the value
increase, the need to insure against loss of the
animal increases. As the value of food producing
animal continue to increase, the need for
diagnosis and treatment of individual sick
animal increase

 Emergency veterinary medicine and the
revenue from the sales of drugs and vaccines
have occupied a large part of well established
rural veterinary practices and in part have
contributed to the slow growth of herd health in
some areas

 Some veterinarian also lack of confidence to
provide a comprehensive animal health service
that included the investigation of nutritional
status of herd, housing requirements,
reproductive performances, other production
related aspect of herds.

 Few Veterinarian give high priority to HH and
achieved reputation as HH specialist, who can
provide an integrated production oriented
preventive veterinary service
 Veterinary practice can be schedule HH work
during those period of the year when there is
insufficient emergency work to financially
support the practice staff to balanced
throughout the year.

 Other factors can be affect the planned HHP
includes the availability of feed supply, market
value of livestock, prevalance of diseases in herd,
diagnostic lab. Availability to the veterinarian
 Excess supply of feed may cause major
disruption in reproductive performance
 Market price decline

 A sudden unexpected epidemic of an infectious
disease can cause large economic losses , and the
farmer may also lose the confidence the
veterinarian’s ability to control the disease.

The requirements of a herd health program
 The three requirements for a successful herd
health program are
1.A willing farmers
2. An enthusiastic, competent veterinarian
3. A system of record keeping and animal
identification

 The three requirements for a successful herd health program are
A willing farmers
A farmer who receive the HHP and set an
example in the community including the
following characteristics…
 Leader in the community
 Successful businessman
 Stable, efficient farmer
 Knowledgeable farmer
 Never over extended their limit of resource

A willing farmers
A farmer who receive the HHP and set an
example in the community including the
following characteristics…
 Farmers whose inclination to avoid taking
risk are natural enlister in HHP
 Simplest data recording system is possible
 Visiting the herd regularly

An enthusiastic, competent veterinarian
All the advisory and management aid service
must be integrated so as to have maximum
beneficial effects on the total farm program.
It includes as Health maintenance, genetic
input through AI, advice on nutrition and
calving patterns. The veterinarian will be
most closet and familiar person to the
farmer.

An enthusiastic, competent veterinarian
The veterinarian also be convinced that the
conventional stance of the physician, with the
treatment and control of clinical disease as
the sole objective.

A system of record keeping and animal identification
Reliable record keeping system of animal
health events and production performance is
a fundamental requirement for a successful
HHP.
The recording system involves all of the
components from the records containing the
raw data through to the summaries of
animal health and performance. The
fundamental requirements of recording
system are ….

 Positive identification of individual animal is
necessary
 System must be simple to use
 Only animal health and production data
that are considered necessary to assess herd
performance are collected and analysis
 System must be structured so that the data
is easily collected, gathered, analysed,
summarized, reported to the farmer within
a few days

 The veterinarian should maintain a file of
each summary report that was sent to the
farmer

Components of herd health program
The components of HHP includes
Regular schedule farm visit by the veterinarian
Good animal farming by the farmer
Recording and analysis of animal health and
production data
Provision and coordination of advice by the
veterinarian
The components of HHP are…………..

The components of HHP are…
 Frequency of visits to the herd
 Activities during the herd visist
 Reproductive performance
 Production performance
 Nutritional status
 Clinical and pathological examination of
animals
 Disease incidence
 Routine elective activities
 Examination and discussion of record and
reports

The components of HHP are…
 Emergency farm visits
 Investigation of outbreaks of disease
 Consultation by telephone
 Meeting and participating farmer
 Provision of drug and vaccination

Benefits of herd health program
Financial gains
 Economic benefit derive from HHP is a
subject of debate. It difficult to identify the
which factor or combination of factors was
responsible for the improvement of
performance
 A HHP will increase the cost of production ,
but the net return from improved
performance must exceed the input cost

Aids to management:
 An established operative HHP with
a reliable records system will
automatically result in the
development of several use full aids
to management. The record system
helps to identify the animal to dried
off, culling, calving

Continuous assessment of the
farming unit:
 The HHP can be regarded as a
recurring assessment of the
farming unit as a functioning
unit as on manager, herdsmen
or share man

Efficient utilization of rural veterinary
practitioners
 The govt. should used efficiently the
rural vet. Practitioners to surveillance
and eradication program in livestock
Encouragement for veterinarians to
become species specialists

Increase the veterinarian’s involvement with
subclinical disease
 HHP identify and assist to realise that the
severe losses is farm are due to subclinical
diseases rather than clinical diseases.
Research and development opportunities
 opportunities to obtained large number of
data from HHP which facilitate for the
researcher to achieve the actual data

Interactions between health and production
Introduction:
The purpose of this topics is to remind
veterinarians that there is more to profitability
than curing a disease and for owner that, feeding
well is not a sufficient solution

Factors affecting the productivity and profitability
of dairy herds:
Factors affecting the productivity are as follows
 Inheritance
 Age
 Innate productivity
 BCS
 Length of lactation
 Nutritional sufficiency
 Reproductive inefficiency
 Mastitis
Other diseases

Factors affecting the productivity and profitability of dairy herds:
Critical Factors affecting the individual cow productivity
 Feed supply
 Pasture growth Total nutrient available
1.Energy for maintenance
2.Energy for pregnancy
3.Energy for B.Wt
4. Energy for milk production
Limitation of milk yield , lactation length by
genetic potential

Critical Factors affecting the individual cow productivity
Limitation of milk flow by mastitis
 Limitation of milk flow by other diseases
 Limitation of milk flow by prolong lactation
length

Critical Factors affecting herd productivity and
profitability
Individual cow productivity
Reproductive efficiency
Poor heifer replacement rate- high-buy in rate, high cost
Poor heifer replacement rate- low culling potential
Prolonged inter calving interval- constrained drying off
policy
Herd size and composition—age, stage of lactation

Critical Factors affecting herd productivity and
profitability
Individual cow productivity Reproductive efficiency
HERD PRODUCTIVITY
COST OF PRODUCTIVITY
FINANCIAL PROFITABILITY OF HERD
Less

Techniques used in health and production
management in dairy herds:
The techniques that are commonly used in animal
health and production management in dairy herds
are follows………
 Nutritional surveillance..feed analysis
 Reproductive performance evaluation
 Mastitis control…….regularly scc

Techniques used in health and production management in dairy herds:
Vaccination for certain infectious diseases
 Control of infectious diseases without vaccination
 Regular surgical procedures..trimming, dehorning,
supranumorary teat, castration
 Specific infectious disease surveillance..Serological,
cuteneous, fecal
Regular evaluation of production performance of
individual cows and cull as necessary

Regular analysis of health and production data
of all age groups and classes of animal
 Regular calculation of the cost of milk
production
 Maintanance of a high level of animal
husbandry
A summary of the disease control techniques and
routine production procedures required in dairy
herds according to age of animals or stage of
production

A summary of the disease control techniques and routine
production procedures required in dairy herds according
to age of animals or stage of production (sample shown in
table)
Disease or
production
procedure
Monitoring
technique
Prophylactic technique
Management Vaccination Medication Others
Peri parturient cow
Udder
edema
Edema
along belly
Pre milking
before
parturition if
necessary to
relieve
pressure
- Diuretics Consider
terminati
ng
pregnanc
y with
cortico
steroid

Maintenance of reproductive efficiency
Objectives of reproductive control program
 to have each cow calve and produce a live calf
every 12 mns
 to have the cow calve at the time of the year
best suited to the need of the particular herd to
meet milk quota

Causes of reproductive inefficiency
The reasons for failure to attain intercalving
interval at 365days are……
 Managerial error…cow is not mated
 Reproductive failure….cow is mated but no
conception

The mode of reproductive inefficiency are……….
1. Anestrus: i. failure to observe heat ii. true
anestrus
2. Failure to breed:
3. Failure to conceive: i. fertilization failure
(male & female) ii. Inseminator failure
4. Early embryonic death
5. Abortion
6. Stillbirth/dystocia

The source of reproductive failure are……….
1. Anatomical failure
2. Ovulation failure
3. Loss of ruptured ova
4. Fertilization failure
5. Embryonic mortality
6. Fetal mortality

Clinical investigation of reproductive inefficiency
in a dairy herd
1. General procedure………complete examination
of :
i. Reproductive function..anestrus, RB, abortion
ii. Management….

Clinical investigation of reproductive inefficiency in a dairy herd
Protocol for examination of a herd with a problem
of reproductive inefficiency is as follows..
1) History…breeding history
2) Reproductive status of each cow..findings on
examination of the genital tracts of infertile cows
are…
i.Pregnancy
ii. very small ovary
iii. apparently normal ovaries with large CL in one
and no CL in other

iv. single large CL in one ovary retain for few
months
v. Large cystic ovary
vi. Endometritis
vii. Congestion/inflammation of vagina or in cervix

3) Comparison of fertility indices of the herd with
optimal targets of performances. Eg. Calving
interval found in a herd(mns) will be compare
with the optimal target of CI of 12mns, thus
identify shortfall of performance
4) Define the modes of reproductive inefficiency
and determine the causes

4) Define the modes of reproductive inefficiency
and determine the causes
5) Laboratory investigation…
i.Metabolic profile test
ii.Feed analysis
iii. Tissues
iv. Abortions
v. Semen evaluation
vi.Abattair specimen
vii. Genital discharge

6) Corrective actions and monitoring the results

Health management of dairy calves
Successful rearing of dairy calves as herd
replacement depends on a well managed
combination of early feeding colostrum,
adequate housing and nutrition. The infectious
disease of digestive and respiratory system are
the most important disease of calves from
birth to several months.

Causes of economic loss in dairy calves
It is clear that economic loss in dairy calves from
birth to six mns of age is due to mortality and
suboptimal performancecauses due to ……
1. Abortion, Stilbirth and congenital defects
2. Acute diarrhea
3. Chronic diarrhea
4. Omphalo-phelebitis
5. Septicemia

Causes of economic loss in dairy calves
6. Enzootic pneumonia
7. Nutritional disease
8. Parasitic gastroenteritis
9. Parasitic pneumonia
10. Arthropods
11. Miscellaneous

Epidemiology of calves disease
Mortality statistics and targets of performance
Colostrum
Personel
Milk replacer
Herd size
Housing
Season of the year

Relationship Between housing and disease of the
calves
Common environmental problems in calf barns
include the followings
1.Overcrowding.. Grouped in pen of different size
and age
2. High humidity…due to overcrowding , low
temperature, lack of heat
3. Poor ventilation
4. Rearing calves in close to adult

Relationship Between housing and disease of the
calves
Important principle of calve housing are
1.Isolated from the adult
2. Periodic depopulation for cleaning and
disinfection
3. Effective ventilation system
4. Sufficient space for each cow
5. Effective feeding system
6. Effective lighting system
7. Regular monitoring system

Principle of control and prevention of infectious
diseases of dairy calves
3-5% calve mortality occur within one mn of age due to
infectious disease. An effective monitoring system will
record the following data on a regular basis
1. Number of calve born alive and date of birth
2. Number of calve born dead and date of death
3. Number of sick and the diagnosis, treatment, dates of
treatment
4. Number of dead calves and diagnosis
5. Growth rate are hight according to age and breed
6. Feed intake .. Composition and amount of feed.

NUTRITION
Veterinary Aspect of dairy cattle
Atypical dairy herds replaced by its own heifer. The
nutritional requirements of diferent classes of animals
should be attention in regular basis. They are as
follows……..
1. Calves from birth to weaning (2 mns age)
2. Calves from weaning to 12 mns of age
3. Heifer from 15 mns age to breeding at 15 mns age
4. Pregnant heifer from 12 to 15mns of age
5. First calf lactating heifer
6. Cow in early lactation
7. Cow in mid lactation
8. Cow in late lactation
9. Dry cow

NUTRITION
The veterinarian should provide nutritional
monitoring and advisory service for each of these
classes of cattle includes the followings……..
1. Production objectives to be achieved of each class
of animal
2. Nutritional requirement of each class of animal
3. ingredient analysis and cost of feed
4. Formulation of diet and feeding system
5. Diagnosis and prevention of nutritional deficiency
diseases

NUTRITION
1. Nutrition of Calves from birth to weaning (2 mns
age)
Major objectives of this period are to control the
incidence of dietary and infectious diarrhea to
obtained satisfactory growth rate, successful
weaning at 2 mns of age. Heifer replacement are
too expensive, so all available and economic
resources should be use and applied at high
priority to raise the heifer calves in a dairy herds.
Cows’ whole milk provide all the requirement of
nutrition as energy, protein and fat for optimum
growth rate

NUTRITION
1. Colostrums, storage of colostrums, whole milk,
milk replacers are the sequential optimum feed for
a calf for optimum growth rate.

BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS)
1. In early lactation..cow loss body wt. due to
negative energy balance
2. Mid lactation… stabilized body wt
3. Late lactation.. Begin to gain body wt
Body condition scoring is a simple, practical and
accurate method of assessing the geneal
nutritional status of dairy cow and determing the
degree of fitness in dairy cow

The Body condition of cow is scored by visual
inspection and palpation of the loin area and
tailhead of the animal. The degree of fatness over
this area is assessed and score from 0 to 5.
The following scoring method is recommended….
 Stand directly behind the cow to score both areas
 Score the taihead area by feeling the amount of
fatness
 Score the loin area in a same way, using same
hand
 Assess the score to the nearest half point

 Adjust tailhead score by half a point if it is differ
from loin score
 The adjustment tailhead score is used as the
condition score

 Suggested target BCS for the critical times area
as follows………….
1. Calving… BCS should be 3.5
2. First service..BCS should be 2 to 2.5
3. Drying off…BCS should be 3 optimum.

 Importance of BCS with production in cow
1. Cow with a significant increase of BC during
lactation are less efficient producers and longer CI
and high BCS at the end of lactation
2. Cow good but not fat condition during calving
will supplement nutrition from tissue fat
mobilization in early lactation . Cow should be
allow to regain BC during late lactation to reduce
CI.

HOUSING
Types of dairy housing
 New concepts in barns, feeding system,
milking fascilities, manure handling have
dramatically increased productivity of the
dairy farm labour
 Dairy house is usually used as
1.conventional individual stanchion or tie stall
barn
2. free stall
3. Corral or the drylot system

HOUSING
Requirements and consideration for a dairy
barn to maintain a high level of health and
production
1. Thermal comfort
2. Physical comfort
3. Disease control
4. Behavioural satisfaction
Above following sections will outline for
housing and envirnmental factors that may
affect the health and production of dairy
cattle.

CULLING PRACTICE
Causes of culling in a dairy herd
Low production
Lack of genetic ability
Mastitis
Laminitis
Infertility
GIT diseases
Increase CI
Other cause that assist the farm intern of farm
profit loss

CULLING PRACTICE
Culling program
An important part of a dairy herd management
plane is to culling program. Generally the
cows are culled because of poor intrinsic milk
production, susceptibility or occurance rate of
disease, reproductive inefficiency, mastitis,
poor genetic quality,

CULLING PRACTICE
Culling Classification
1.Emergency culls: include death or sale due to
severe diseases. May be any time and needs
proper dispose at time
2.Failure to perform culls: due to low production,
reproductive inefficiency, chronic mastitis
3.Excess to requirement culls: animals sold due
to potential population increase by the herd
exceed the herd size.

CULLING PRACTICE
Milking herd
Total culling in a milking herd includes the
following..
1. Random cull: to be culled at the
events….disposal for serious disease or death
and it is also known as Essential culling
2. Planned culls: Culled differed to drying off
………poor production due to mastitis,
reproductive inefficiency, chronic diseases. It
is also known as optional culling.

Objectives of a beef cattle herd health program
The main objective of a beef cattle herd health
program should be to assist the farmer in the
production of one healthy calf /cow/year. One
calf per cow per year is a theoretical objective
that is have to be achieved. It is possible to
achieve 85-90% in practically.
Planned animal health and production in
beef cattle breeding herds.

Basic format for a beef herd health program
A. Selection of farm: The recommended criteria
are as…..
1. Efficient and economical breeding herd
2. Accurate and comprehensive animal
identification
3. Interested producer who improve the cattle
herd using effective breeding program
Planned animal health and production in beef cattle breeding herds.

A. Selection of farm: The recommended criteria
are as…..
4. Interested farmer to necropsy of dead animal
5. Herd should maintain the quarantine system
6. Herd must be free from TB and Brucelosis
7. Herd should maintain response trial for
infectious diseases
8. Weighing or maintain BCS

B. Initial assessment of productivity status: after
assessment of initial productivity status of
individual animal the HHP have to be started
C. Determination of targets of performance
D. Annual cycle of activities
E. Collection, storage and analysis of data and
the system of report to the farmer

Specific components of a beef herd health
program
The basic components of a beef herd health
program depends on the number of farm
visits by the veterinarians. The number of
scheduled HH visits will vary from one to four
or more per year but at least two visits are
recommended.
The vet. Will give details recommendation in
each visit to achieved high reproductive and
productive performance of herd

Specific components of a beef herd health
program
The four strategic times of visits of a herd are as
1. Prebreeding visits (examination of bull and
cow)……April to May
2. Pregnancy diagnosis and weaning of calves
visit……Oct………..Nov
3. Winter feeding and management
visit….Dec…April
4. Pre-calving and calving visit….March….April

1. Pre breeding visits……..
i. Examination of all bull for breeding
soundness
ii. Reproductive efficiency and male to female
ratio
iii. Management of reproduction of female
iv. Causes of inferior reproductive performance
v. Methods to improve and maintain a high level
of reproductive performance
vi. Breeding management of heifer

2. Pregnancy diagnosis and weaning of calves
visit
i. Pregnancy diagnosis
ii. Assessment of reproductive performance
iii. Weaning of calves and pre-immunization and
preconditioning program

3.Winter feeding and management visit
i. Health and management of the pregnant
female
ii. Parasite control strategy
iii. Diseases of pregnant beef cattle
iv. Health and management of heifer replacement
and breeding bull

4. Pre-calving and calving visit
i. All records of calving in details
ii. Management of all aspect to minimize
perinatal mortality
iii. Control of indifferential infectious diarrhea of
newborn
iv. Management of calve from two mns of age to
weaning

Common Advice may be given at any visit
i. Vaccination
ii. Disease incidence
iii. Management change
iv. Nutritional advice
v. Specific trial
vi. Surveillance test
vii.Advice on genetics and planned breeding
plane
viii.Preparation of report

Assessment of performance in the beef cow herd
i. Number of yearling heifer exposed to bull
ii. Number of bull bred to yearling heifer
iii. Date of breeding heifer
iv. Body wt of heifer
v. No. of mixed age cow exposed to bull
vi. No. of bull exposed to mixed age cow
vii.Date of breeding cow
viii.BCS of cow at breeding time
ix. Record of evaluation of bull
x. Pregnancy rate

Calving record
i. Abortion rate
ii. Calving percentage
iii. Distribution of calves
iv. Dystocia rate
v. Stillbirth rate
vi. Birth wt. of calves
vii.Postnatal calf mortality

Targets of performance
i. Pregnancy rate….yearling heifer 95% and
mixed age cow 100%
ii. Culling of cow during pregnancy
diagnosis…… yearling heifer not more
than5% and mixed age cow not exceed 15%
iii. Abortion …Not exceed 2%
iv. Calving percentage…96%
v. Dystocia rate … yearling heifer 15% and
mixed age cow 5%
vi. Stillbirth……not exceed 2%
vii.Postnatal calf mortality….2 to5%

Targets of performance
viii. Weaned calf crop…85% and weaned wt.
60%
ix. Growth rate from weaning to breeding.. 100kg
x. Cow mortality..not exceed 2%

A beef feedlots is a place where young growing
cattle are fed a high energy diet for the
purpose of producing marketable beef at the
lowest cost and in the possible shortest time
Depending on the initial body wt. and age of the
cattle the time od feeding vary from 60days to
12mns.
Health and production management in
beef feed lots, sheep and in swine herds.

Economics of fedlots
There are two economical factors that
determines the profitability of feedlots
i. The cost of body wt. gain must be less than the
value of the weight.
ii. Increase the quality and value of whole
carcass of animals
Health and production management in beef feed lots, sheep and in swine herds.

Objectives of a health management and
production program in the feedlot
The Objectives of a health management and
production program in the feedlot are as
follows
i. Rapid growth rate, minimal fat, large mature
sizes
ii. Maximization of feed conversion efficiency
iii. Reduction of morbidity, mortality and culling
rates

Objectives of a health management and
production program in the feedlot
The Objectives of a health management and
production program in the feedlot are as
follows
iv. Optimal expenditure for the biological and
antimicrobial used for the control and
treatment of disease
v. Motivation of employee for good management
vi. Production of wholesome beef free of
chemicals

Causes of economic loss in the feedlot
The causes of economic loss in the fedlots are not
well documented, however, the following
factors are consider for unsatisfactory profit
….
i. Nutrition
ii. Type of cattle fed
iii. Envirnmental effects
iv. Management experties
v. Disease incidence

Records in the feedlot
Recoding system for a fedlots should be
includes….
i. Daily morbidity and mortality statistics
ii. Daily treatment record
iii. Morbidity and treatment analysis
iv. Mortality analysis
v. Monthly disease summary
vi. Feedlot performance summary

Herd Health Management Guide

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Herd Health Management Guide