3. THE STRUCTURE
A transparent ,dome-shaped structure at the front of the
eye
More convex than the sclera but curvature diminishes with
age
It is avascular and highly innervated
It accounts for approx. two thirds of the eyes total optical
power i.e. 43 diopters
It covers the iris and the pupil
The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to
touch, temperature and chemicals
Oxygen dissolves in tears then diffuses throughout the
cornea to keep it healthy
4. CONT.
Nutrients are transported via diffusion from the tear fluid
through the outside surface and the aqueous humor
through the inside surface and also from neurotrophins
supplied by nerve fibres
It has a diameter of about 11.5mm and a thickness of 0.5-
0.6mm in the centre and 0’.6-0.8mm at the periphery
Transparency,avascularity,the presence of immature
resident immune cells and immunologic privilege makes it
a very special tissue
Human cornea borders with the sclera via the corneal
limbus
5. LAYERS OF THE CORNEA
Corneal epithelium
Bowman’s layer
Corneal stroma
Descemet’s membrane
Corneal endothelium
6.
7. CORNEAL EPITHELIUM
Exceedingly thin multicellular epithelial tissue
layer(non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
of fast growing and easily regenerated cells, kept moist
with tears
Continuous with the conjunctival epithelium and is
composed of about 6 layers of cells which are shed
constantly on the exposed layer and are regenerated by
multiplication in the basal layer
8. BOWMAN’S LAYER
A tough layer composed of collagen(mainly type I
collagen fibrils),laminin,nidogen,perlecan that
protects the corneal stroma
9. CORNEAL STROMA
Also called subtantia proper
A thick ,transparent middle layer consisting of
regularly arranged collagen fibres along with
keratocytes-cells for general repair and maintenance
They are parallel and superimposed like book pages
The corneal stroma consists of approx. 200 layers of
main type I collagen fibrils
Each layer is 1.5-2.5µm
Up to 90% of the corneal thickness is composed of
stroma
10. Theories of the corneal
transparency
1. The lattice arrangements of the collagen fibril in the
stroma .The light scatter by individual fibrils is
cancelled by destructive interference from the
scattered light from the other individual fibrils
2. The spacing of the neighboring collagen fibrils in the
stroma must be less than 200 nm for there to be
transparency
11. DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE
A thin acellular layer that serves as the modified
basement membrane of the corneal endothelium
Composed mainly of collagen type IV fibrils less than
collagen type I fibrils
Around 5-20 µm thick depending on age
Anterior to Descemet’s membrane, is a very thin and
strong layer,Dua’s layer,15 microns thick and is able to
withstand 1.5-2 bars of pressure
12. CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
A simple squamous or low cuboidal monolayer
approx.5µm thick, mitochondria-rich cells which
regulate fluid and solid transport to the aqueous and
corneal stroma compartments
Corneal epithelium do not regenerate- The stretch to
compensate for dead cells reduces the overall cell
density which affects fluid regulation
This leads to stromal swelling due to excess fluids and
subsequent loss of transparency which in turn causes
corneal edema and interference of the cornea and thus
impairing the image formed.
13. NERVE SUPPLY
It is one of the most sensitive tissues in the body
It is densely innervated with sensory nerve fibres via
the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve by way of
70-80 long cilliary nerves
Ciliary nerves run under the endothelium and exit the
eye through the sclera apart from the optic nerve
The nerves enter the cornea via 3 levels;
Scleral
Episcleral
Conjunctival
14. CONT.
Most of the bundles give rise by subdivision to a network in
the stroma from which fibres supply the different regions
The 3 networks are;
I. Midstromal
II. Sub epithelial/sub-basal
III. Epithelial
Corneal nerves of the sub epithelial layer terminate near
the superficial epithelial layer of the cornea in a
logarithmic spiral pattern
The density of epithelial nerves decrease with age
especially after the seventh decades
15. FUNCTIONS OF THE CORNEA
It helps focus and direct light onto the retina
It acts as a thick elastic physical barrier protecting the
internal ocular structure from outside insults which
may be physical ,chemical and microbial
It withstands changes in intraocular pressure and
curvature changes of the eye