Generating Electricity
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Generating Electricity
- 1. How to Generate Electricity
- 3. Hydropower is an important renewable energy source world wide...
- 4. we can experience new, renewable technologies with the power of water! Even in a desert home,
- 5. Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the water.
- 6. Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the flow of water.
- 7. Because the water cycle is continuous, hydropower is a renewable energy source.
- 8. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy.
- 9. Harnessing Water Power The NEED Project 2014
- 10. Humans first learned to harness the kinetic energy in water by using waterwheels. A waterwheel is a revolving wheel fitted with blades, buckets, or vanes. Waterwheels convert the kinetic energy of flowing water to mechanical energy.
- 11. Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.
- 12. Early waterwheels used mechanical energy to grind grains and to drive machinery such as sawmills and blacksmith equipment.
- 13. Waterwheel technology advanced over time. Turbines are advanced, very efficient waterwheels. They are often enclosed to further capture water’s energy.
- 14. Not long after the discovery of electricity, it was realized that a turbine’s mechanical energy could be used to activate a generator and produce electricity. The first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin. It produced 12.5 kilowatts of electricity which was used to light two paper mills and one home.
- 15. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.
- 16. How a Hydroelectric Power System Works Flowing water is directed at a turbine (remember turbines are just advanced waterwheels). The flowing water causes the turbine to rotate, converting the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
- 17. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current. How a Hydroelectric Power System Works
- 19. Environmental Considerations High-head hydropower systems can produce a tremendous amount of power. However, large hydropower facilities, while essentially pollution-free to operate, still have undesirable effects on the environment.
- 20. Installation of new large hydropower projects today is very controversial because of their negative environmental impacts. These include: upstream flooding declining fish populations decreased water quality and flow reduced quality of upstream and downstream environments Glen Canyon June 1962 Glen Canyon June 1964
- 21. Colorado River Hydroelectric Dams Height: 710 ft. Head: 583 ft. Flow: 33,200 cfs combined Capacity: 1.3 million kW (total from 8 generators) Height: 726 ft. Head: 576 ft. Flow: NA Capacity: 2.1 million kW (total from 19 generators) Hoover Dam Glen Canyon Dam
- 22. Davis Dam Parker Dam Height: 320 feet Head: 80 feet Flow: 22,000 cfs total Capacity: 120,000 kW (total capacity from 4 generators) Height: 200 feet Head: 140 feet Flow: 31,000 cfs total Capacity: 240,000 kW (total capacity from 5 generators) Lower Colorado River Hydroelectric Dams
- 23. Horse Mesa Mormon Flat Stewart Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Height: 305 ft. Head: 260 ft. Flow: Units 1-3 - 600 cfs ea. Unit 4 - 6500 cfs Capacity: Units 1-3 – 10,000 kW ea. Unit 4 - 115,000 kW Height: 224 ft. Head: 130 ft. Flow: Unit 1 - 1200 cfs Unit 2 - 6500 cfs Capacity: Unit 1 - 10,000 kW Unit 2 - 60,000 kW Height: 212 ft. Head: 110 ft. Flow: 2200 cfs Capacity: 13,000 kW Height: 357 ft. Head: 235 ft. Flow: 2200 cfs Capacity: 36,000 kW Salt River Hydroelectric Dams
- 24. Billion kilowatt-hours Hydroelectric Generation by Country Data: EIA
- 25. Solar Energy
- 26. oDrying Agricultural Products oHeating Water oSpace Heating oGenerating Electrical Energy MAJOR USES OF SOLAR ENERGY
- 27. Solar Technologies o Daylighting o Passive Solar Heating o Active Solar Heating oConcentrating Solar Thermal oPhotovoltaics (PV)
- 28. Power Tower
- 29. How a Power Tower Works
- 30. PHOTOVOLTAICS
- 34. PV Array Fields
- 36. Source: Solarbuzz, a part of The NPD Group
- 37. oClean oSustainable oFree oProvide Electricity to Remote Places ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
- 38. Disadvantages of Solar Energy oInefficient and costly equipment oPart Time oReliability Depends On Location oEnvironmental Impact of PV Cell Production
- 39. Wind Power
- 40. Wind Generator
- 41. Generator
- 42. Generator
- 43. From unproductive agricultural farm to a wind farmFrom unproductive agricultural farm to a wind farm
- 44. Specifications of NorthWind Power SystemSpecifications of NorthWind Power System Turbine’s hub height - 70 meters Blade length - 41 meters Rotor diameter - 82 meters Windswept area - 5,281 sq. m. *** Ground level to center of nacelle The turbine are oriented facing the sea, effectively eliminating windbreaks and achieving terrain roughness of class 0. Annual generation capacity - 74,482 MWh Wind turbine arrangement - Single row Spacing - 326 meters Orientation - North Prevailing wind direction - Northeast
- 45. Philippine renewable energy resourcesPhilippine renewable energy resources A US-NREL study shows the following: - Wind resources – over 10,000 km2 with 76,000 MW of potential installed capacity. - Micro-hydro applications – potential capacity of at least 500 KW in Luzon and Mindanao islands - Solar radiation nationwide – an annual potential average of 5.0 – 5.1 KWh/m2 /day - Mini-hydro potential capacity of 1,784 MW capacity for 888 sites - Ocean energy resources – potential CAPACITY OF ABOUT 170,000 MW - Biomass ( Bagasse ) total potential of 235 MMBFOE Source: New and Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA) – E. Karunungan ( Department of Energy, Philippines
- 46. Renewable energy development projects status Resource Existing capacity (MW) Number of plants in operation On-going projects Geothermal 2,027.07 14 geothermal plants 10 projects offered to private investor ( 300 – 500 MW )thru Contracting Round Hydro 3,367.07 21 large hydro, 52 mini- hydro, 61 micro hydro 4 mini-hydros, 14 large hydro under evaluation Wind 33.2 33 MW In Ilocos Norte, 5 KW Camarines in 180 KW in Batanes, 6 KW in Boracay NPDC wind farm, 7 sites on resource assessment Solar 5.161 960 KW – CEPALCO, Cagayan e Oro 729 KW Camarines Sur Sunpower Phil Solar Plant/rural electrification projects Biomass 20.93 1 MW Isabela Ocean R & D activities – Demo projects in Leyte/Mindanao Source: E. Karunungan ( Department of Energy )/Philippine Daily Inquirer
- 47. 2x300 MW Coal-Fired GN Power (600 MW) 2012 Private Sector Initiated Power ProjectsPrivate Sector Initiated Power Projects Legend: Geothermal Coal-Fired HEP NaturalGas CCGT Luzon GridLuzon Grid First Gen San Gabriel (550 MW)-2011 Ilijan Expansion (300 MW) Kalayaan CBK Expansion (360 MW)-2013 Tanawon Geo (40 MW)-2011 Rangas Geo (40 MW)-2015 Manito-Kayabon Geo (40MW)-2016 Pagbilao Exp. (400 MW) Quezon Power Exp.(500 MW) Energy World CCGT (2x150 MW) = 2011 Green Power Nueva Ecija Biomass (18 MW)=2011 Pangasinan Biomass 1 (18 MW)=2011 Pangasinan Biomass 2 (18 MW)=2013 Pantabangan Expansion (78 MW) Balintingon River (44 MW)- 2015 Pagudpud Wind (40 MW) Burgos Wind (86 MW) – 6 MW=2009 40 MW=2010 40 MW=2011 Northwind pamplona (30 MW)=2015 CFB Phase II (50 MW)-2010 Redondo Coal Fired (2x150 MW)-2012 Source: Department of Energy
- 48. Aklan HEP (41 MW)-2012 Villasiga HEP (8MW)-2013 N E G R O S P A N A YP A N A Y Global Business Power Corp (164 MW) Phase I-2010 Phase II-2011 Dauin Geo (40 MW) 2010 Private Sector Initiated Power ProjectsPrivate Sector Initiated Power Projects Green Power Panay (36 MW)-2010 Toledo Expansion (246 MW) Phase I-2010 Phase II-2011 Southern Leyte Geo (80 MW) 2016 Legend: Geothermal Coal-Fired Hydroelectri Biomass VisayasVisayas GridGrid KEPCO SPC Power (200 MW) 2011EDC Nasulo Geothermal (20 MW) 2011 DMCI Concepcion Power Corporation (100 MW) 2012 Source: Department of Energy
- 49. Green Power Biomass(18 MW)-2010 HEDCOR Tamugan. (34.5 MW)-2010 AGUS 3 HEP(225 MW) 2011 Private sector initiated power projectsPrivate sector initiated power projects Legend: Biomass Coal-Fired Hydroelectri Oil-based Minergy Bunker Fired (20 MW)-2010 Conal Holding CFTPP (200 MW)-2011 Sultan Kudarat Coal (200 MW)-2012 Mindanao GridMindanao Grid CEPALCO Cabulig HEP (8 MW) 2011 Tagoloan HEP(68 MW) 2012 HEDCOR Sibulan Inc. (42.5 MW) Oct 2009 EDC Mindanao Geothermal 3 (50 MW) 2014 Source: Department of Energy
Editor's Notes
- Humans have used the power of moving water for more than 2,000 years. The first references to water mills are found in Greek, Roman, and Chinese texts. They described vertical waterwheels in rivers and streams. These traditional waterwheels turned as the river flowed, turning millstones that ground grains. In the late 1700s, an American named Oliver Evans designed a mill that combined gears, shafts and conveyors. After grain was ground, it could be transported around the mill. The invention led to waterwheels being the main power source for sawmills, textile mills and forges through the 19th century. In 1826, a French engineer, Jean Victor Poncolet, designed an even more efficient water wheel. The wheel was enclosed so the water flowed through the wheel instead of around it.
- Vanes-a thin,flat or curved object that is attached to a wheel and that moves when air or water pushes it.
- The Sun is 93 million miles away. A tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy hits the Earth (~a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our whole demands for a year. We call the energy from the sun, solar energy. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy that hits the Earth. Solar energy is transmitted to the earth in the form of radiant energy. It is vital to us because it provides the world—directly or indirectly– with almost all of its energy. In addition to providing the energy that sustains the world, solar energy is stored in fossil fuels and biomass, and is responsible for powering the water cycle and producing wind.
- The four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are: Daylighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the building’s interior. Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Sun’s warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed. Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the sun’s power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates. Concentrating Solar Thermal- mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity. Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.
- World’s largest solar power tower in Seville, Spain. Solar power tower consists of a large field of sun tracking mirrors, called heliostats, which focus solar energy on a receiver atop of a centrally located tower. The enormous amount of energy, coming out of the suns rays, concentrated at one point (the tower in the middle) produces temperatures of approx. 550 C TO 1500 C. The gained thermal energy can be used for heating water or molten salt, which saves the energy for later use. Heated water gets to steam, which is used to move the turbine generator. This way thermal energy is converted into electricity.
- This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity. Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.
- Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity, and are potentially one of the most useful of the renewable energy technologies. Also known as solar cells, PV systems are already an important part of our lives. The simplest systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches we use everyday.
- A PV cell is made from a thin disc of almost pure silicon crystal called silicon wafer. A small amount of boron is added. The boron gives the crystal structure a positive electrical characteristic. Since this part has a positive characteristic it is referred to as a “P” type silicon and it forms the base of the cell. A thin layer of silicon crystal is formed over the disc of “P” type silicon. This time a small amount of phosphorous is added to the mixture. The phosphorous mixture creates a negative characteristic and thus is referred to as an “N” type silicon. When light penetrates to the junction of the “N” and “P” type silicon layers it creates a flow of electrons throughout the crystal structure. This flow of electrons occurs because sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, some photons are absorbed. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (called a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the materials’ atoms. A crystal structure of silicon contains empty areas which accept the electrons. As one electron moves to fill a hole, it created another hole. It is the flow of these electrons that produces electricity.
- One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity, which isn't enough power for most applications. To Increase power groups of solar cells are electrically connected and packaged into packaged weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific power output. A PV System typically consists of 3 basic components. PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells, the smallest unit of a PV system, Modules - PV cells are wired together to form modules which are usually a sealed, or encapsulated, unit of convenient size for handling. Arrays – Groups of panels make up an array.
- Solar PV System Solar cells produce direct current (DC), therefore they are only used for DC equipments. If alternating current (AC) is needed for AC equipments or backup energy is needed, solar photovoltaic systems require other components in addition to solar modules. These components are specially designed to integrate into solar PV system, that is to say they are renewable energy products or energy conservation products and one or more of components may be included depending on the type of application. The components of a solar photovoltaic system are: Solar Module is the essential component of any solar PV system that converts sunlight directly into DC electricity. 2. Solar Charge Controller regulates voltage and current from solar arrays, charges the battery, prevents battery from overcharging and also performs controlled over discharges. 3.Battery stores current electricity that produces from solar arrays for using when sunlight is not visible, nighttime or other purposes. 4. Inverter is a critical component of any solar PV system that converts DC power output of solar arrays into AC for AC appliances. 5. Lightning protection prevents electrical equipments from damages caused by lightning or induction of high voltage surge. It is required for the large size and critical solar PV systems, which include the efficient grounding.
- In order to generate large amounts of electricity which can be fed into the electric grid, large number of arrays can be wired together to form an Array Field.
- Photovoltaic system is ideal for remote applications whether other power sources are impractical or unavailable, such as in the Swiss Alps or on navigational buoys. It is not practical to connect these applications to an electric grid.