2. What is ADC?
Conversion Process
Accuracy
Examples of ADC applications
3. Signal Types
Analog Signals
Any continuous signal that
a time varying variable of
the signal is a
representation of some
other time varying quantity
Measures one quantity in
terms of some other quantity
Examples
○ Speedometer needle as
function of speed
○ Radio volume as function of
knob movement
t
4. Signal Types
Digital Signals
Consist of only two
states
Binary States
On and off
Computers can only
perform processing on
digitized signals
0
1
5. Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
An electronic integrated circuit which
converts a signal from analog
(continuous) to digital (discrete) form
Provides a link between the analog
world of transducers and the digital
world of signal processing and data
handling
6. ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
t
tInput: Analog Signal
Sampling and
Hold
Quantizing
and
Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter
7. Sampling and Holding:Holding signal benefits
the accuracy of the A/D CONVERSION. Minimum sampling rate
should be at least twice THE HIGHEST DATA FREQUENCY OF THE ANALOG SIGNAL.
8. QUANTIZING AND
ENCODING
RESOLUTION:
THE SMALLEST CHANGE IN ANALOG SIGNAL THAT WILL RESULT IN
A CHANGE IN
THE DIGITAL OUTPUT.
V = REFERENCE VOLTAGE RANGE
N = NUMBER OF BITS IN DIGITAL OUTPUT.
2N = NUMBER OF STATES.
∆V = RESOLUTION
THE RESOLUTION REPRESENTS THE QUANTIZATION ERROR
INHERENT IN THE
CONVERSION OF THE SIGNAL TO DIGITAL FORM
9. • QUANTIZING:
PARTITIONING THE
REFERENCE SIGNAL RANGE
INTO A NUMBER OF
DISCRETE QUANTA,
THEN MATCHING THE
INPUT SIGNAL TO THE
CORRECT QUANTUM.
• ENCODING:
ASSIGNING A UNIQUE DIGITAL
CODE TO EACH
QUANTUM, THEN
ALLOCATING THE
DIGITAL CODE TO THE
INPUT
10. ADC-Error Possibilities
Aliasing (sampling)
Occurs when the input signal is changing much
faster than the sample rate
Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
○ Answers question of what sample rate is required
○ Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the
maximum frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing
○ fsample>2*fsignal
Quantization Error (resolution)
Optimize resolution
Dependent on ADC converter of microcontoller
11. ADC Applications
ADC are used virtually everywhere
where an analog signal has to be
processed, stored, or transported in
digital form
Microphones
Strain Gages
Thermocouple
Digital Multimeters