3. 3
What fry to produce?
FAC Selected Tilapia (FaST)
Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT)
Genetically Improved Farmed
Tilapia (GIFT)
GIFT derived:
BFAR Improved GET Excel
GenoMar Supreme Tilapia (GST)
Salinity Tolerant:
Brackishwater Enhanced Selected
Tilapia (BEST)
MOLOBICUS
4. 4
FAC Selected Tilapia (FaST)
1986
Inter’l Dev’t Research
Center (IDRC) Fish
Genetics Project at
FAC, CLSU
Genetically improved
tilapia using within
family selection
24th generation of
selection
Broodstock obtained
thru open access
5. 5
Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT)
Late 1980’s to 1990’s
Collaboration between
FAC, CLSU &
University of Wales
Swansea, U.K.
Genetic manipulation
of sex chromosome
Product of YY-male
technology
Broodstock obtained
thru accreditation
6. 6
Progeny testing
XX♀ x XY♂ ▲XY♀ x XY♂
Feminization
XX♀ ▲XY♀ XX♀ XY♂ XY♂ YY♂
Progeny testing
XX♀ x YY♂
PROD’N of YY♀
▲XY♀ x YY♂ XY♂ XY♂ XY♂ XY♂ (GMT)
Feminization
▲XY♀ ▲XY♀ ▲YY♀ ▲YY♀ MASS PROD’N of YY♂
▲YY♀ x YY♂
Schematic diagram for the production
of YY males & Genetically Male Tilapia YY♂ YY♂ YY♂ YY♂
in Oreochromis niloticus
YY♂ YY♂ YY♂ YY♂
7. 7
Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia
(GIFT)
Late 1980’s partnership
between Norwegian
Institute of Aquaculture
Research and nat’l fisheries
institutions (FAC, BFAR,
UPMSI)
Increasing growth of Nile
tilapia through selective
breeding
Parental stock: Egypt,
Ghana, Kenya, Senegal,
Philippines (Thailand,
Taiwan, Singapore &
Israel strains)
8. 8
BFAR Improved GET Excel
Genetically Enhanced
Tilapia - Excellent strain
that has Comparable
advantage with other
tilapia strains of
Enterpreneurial
Livelihood projects
Parental stocks: 8th
generation GIFT, 13th
generation FaST,
Kenya & Egypt strains
Broodstock obtained
thru open access
9. 9
GenoMar Supreme Tilapia™ (GST)
13th generation
GIFT-derived
30 – 40% superior in
terms of growth
compared to best
available market
lines
Survival rate affected
by low temperature
10. 10
Brackishwater Enhanced Selected
Tilapia (BEST)
Founder stocks
Euryhaline spp: O. aureus,
O. spilurus & O.
mossambicus
Best breeds of O. niloticus:
GIFT, FaST, YY males
GIFT-derived
11. 11
Saline Tilapia MOLOBICUS
Can tolerate 35 ppt
Product of
crossbreeding &
backcrossing of O.
mossambicus & O.
niloticus
BFAR-NIFTDC
(Dagupan City)
12. 12
Natural Reproductive Cycle of Nile tilapia
Nest building (♂) &
courtship
(1 - 5 days) Ovulation & spawning
(< 2 hrs)
Incubation (~10 d)
Nursing
(10-30 d)
Feeding & recovery
(2-4 wks)
• Breed at small size (<40g)
& young age (<6 mons.)
• Breeding is continuous
15. 15
Pond-based Fry Production
Breeders: 1-2/m2; 1♂:3♀
Pond is fertilized or
complete feeding of
breeders
Fry collection: 10-18
days after stocking by
scooping at sides of
ponds
21 – 35 d prod’n cycle
Seining of broodstock
for conditioning
16. 16
Hapa-based Fry Production
Using net enclosures
made of polyethylene
netting materials
Collection of fry from
females mouth or hapa
every 10-15 days, or
Collection of eggs & yolk-
sac fry from females
mouth every 5-7 days
Efficient but labor
intensive
17. 17
Structural Features of Hapas
Net
enclosure
Materials Size Stocking
density
Breeding Fine mesh 2.5 x 5 x 1 m (12.5
m2)
4 x 25 x 1 m (100 m2)
2 – 4 fish/m2
Conditioning CC 17 or
GG 14
3 x 6 x 1 m
5-7 fish/m2 (with
aeration)
10-15 fish/m2
(needs aeration
and exchange of
water)
Nursery Fine mesh 2.5 x 5 x 1 m (12.5
m2)
1000-1500 fry/m2
Rearing Fine mesh 2.5 x 5 x 1 m or
4 x 15 x 1 m
19. 19
Breeding Cycle…
Selection & Pairing
Healthy
Full abdomen
Reddish/pinkish
abdomen
Similar size
2-4 breeders/m2
3♀: 1♂
Duration of breeding: 5-
7, 10 or 14 days
20. 20
Breeding Cycle…
Collection of eggs/fry
7, 10 or 14 days after
stocking of breeders
Done early in the morning
or late afternoon
Breeders are concentrated
at one end of hapa
Eggs are separated by
stage; Yellow eggs (1-3
days old), Orange eggs (4-5
days old)
Fry are collected using
nets
22. 22
Factors Contributing to Success in Artificial
Incubation
Maintenance of good water quality
Clean with low levels of infective organisms
Should be inspected daily to remove dead eggs
Age of seed
Early stages are the most delicate periods
Interval between seed collection should be >7 days
Density of eggs
Avoid egg clumping & damage to the egg chorion
Constant rate of flow of water
Breeding & maternal effects
Egg size, clutch size & rate of fertilization are affected by
the size & age of female broodstock
23. 23
Production Cycle…
Rearing of
hatchlings & fry
Hatchlings or yolk-
sac fry in trays
First swimming fry
in tanks or hapas
1000 fry/m2
24. 24
Standard measurements and weights of tilapia fry,
post-fry and fingerlings at a given age
Stage Age
(wk)
Mean TL,
mm
Weight
(g)
Net size
number
Mesh
size, mm
Fry 1 10 0.01-0.05 38 1
Post-fry 2 15 0.06- 0.1 32 3
Post-fry 3 20 0.2 - 0 .4 24 4
Finger. 4 25 0.5 – 1.0 22 6
Finger. 5 45 1.5 - 2.0 17 9
Post
finger.
6 55 2.5 –3.5 14 11
25. 25
Actual sizes of tilapia fingerlings
Length Age after hatching Net size/ABW Ave pcs/kg
1.42 cm
2 weeks Size # 24
0.112 g
8,857
2.50 cm
3 weeks Size # 22
0.325 g
3,077
3.06 cm
1 month Size # 20
0.475 g
2,105
3.81 cm 1 month & 1
week
Size # 17
0.785 g
1,274
4.85 cm
1 month & 2
weeks
Size # 14
1.895 g 528
27. 27
Factors Important for Optimal Seed
Production
Broodfish condition
Nutrition (25-40% C.P.)
Efficiency of seed collection
Good artificial incubator & hatchery
design
Good water quality
DO, Temperature, pH, TAN, H2S
28. 28
Water Quality
Parameter Ideal Range
Temperature 25-35˚C
Dissolved O2 >5 mg/L
pH 6.5-9.0
Ammonia <0.05 mg/L
Nitrite (NO2) < 0.5 mg/L
Nitrate (NO3) less toxic than
NO2
H2S <0.001mg/L
CO2 <50 mg/L
29. 29
Nursing of Tilapia Fry
Must be nursed in fine mesh hapas with
at least 0.5m depth
Difference in temp. between transport
water & water in the nursing unit should
be less than 1˚C
Fry are vulnerable to predation & sensitive
to water quality changes
Early nursing - 250 fish/m2
Provided with complete (40-50% CP) or
supplementary feeds
Up to 2-3 cm size
Advanced nursing - 100 fish/m2
To produce larger fish
30. 30
Transportation of Seeds
Condition to ensure successful transport:
maintain sufficient O2
Keep the water at low temperature
Fish should be conditioned first without feeding
to avoid their excrement soiling the water (min.
of 36 hr without feeding)
Larger fish has greater O2 rqts.
Fish fed artificially are less robust than those fed
naturally
Shorter transportation time will allow greater
stocking rate
Transport should be taken in cooler times
In hauling box: filled not more than 70%
Wooden boxes warm up more slowly than metal
Plastic bag: filled not more than 20%
31. 31
Guide on Number of Seeds per Bag
Size Hours of
Transportation
Number per bag
24 16 – 20 1000 -1500
22 16 – 20 650 -900
17 16 – 20 500
14 16 - 20 200 -300
33. Program Leader/Project Leader
Emmanuel M. Vera Cruz, PhD
Project Staffs
Jose S. Abucay, PhD
Eng. Zaldy Bartolome
Research Assistants
Eddie Boy T. Jimenez
Bethzaida M. Apongol
NATIONAL TILAPIA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Program B: Innovative approaches in Nile tilapia culture
Project 2: Refinements in grow-out and hatchery
management of Nile tilapia
38. o 2m x 1m x 1m breeding hapas
o Sex ratio: 1male:3 females
o Stocking density: 4 breeders·m-3
o Fry were collected after 15 days
39. Highlights
Shading can reduce water temperature by
as much as 4.2 C during the hottest
period of the day
Shading can increase spawning rate by as
much as 28 times (mean: 2.8% vs 77.8%)
during hot season
Shading can increase seed production by
as much as 75.5 times (mean: 143 vs
10803) during hot season
40. Nursing fingerling for higher
growout yield
Problem: only around 30% survival rate
during growout
Solution: growing fingerling for 30-45 days
to achieve larger size post fingerlings prior
to stocking
40