Thallopytes

1. Thallopyte

2. Thyllopyte or Thallophyta derived
from the Greek words
Thallo= plant body without root, stem
and leaves
Phyta= a plant

3. Thallopyte (plural : Thallophytes)
• Any of very many primitive plants that consists of a
thallus formerly collected in the obsolete(no longer
produced or used) taxonomic group Thallophyta.
• The thallophytes are a polyphyletic (many races)
group of non-mobile organisms traditionally described
as thalloid plants, relatively simple plants or lower
plants.
• Thallophytes are mainly aquatic plants.
Example are algae, fungi, lichens and bacteria, plant
from the phylum(Division) of thallophyta.

4. • The plant body may be unicellular or colonial or
multicellular in organization. The sex organ are
unicellular.
• Thallophytes reproduction is mainly asexual.
• The thallophytes are defined as having
undifferentiated bodies (thalli).
• They have a hidden reproductive system and
hence they are also called Cryptogamae.

5. A cryptogam (plural: Cryptogamae)
(Greek kryptos, "hidden" + gameein, "to marry")
• That reproduces by spores, without flowers or
seeds.
• Hidden reproduction, referring to the fact that no
seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the
non-seed bearing plants.

6. Thallus (plural: thalli )
meaning "a green shoot" or "twig“.
• Undifferentiated vegetative tissue of some organisms in
diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens,
and the Myxogastria.
• An organism or structure resembling a thallus is
called thalloid, thallodal, thalliform, thalline, or thallose.
• A thallus usually names the entire body of a multicellular non-
moving organism in which there is no organization of
the tissues into organs

7. Thallopytes are further divided into
following groups.
• Algae
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Lichens

8. Algae (singular: Alga) means seaweeds
Algae are pond scums,
terrestrial algae, snow
algae, seaweeds,
freshwater and marine
phytoplankton. The plant
body is relatively
undifferentiated, and there
are no true roots and
leaves.
 A large and diverse group
of oxygenic phototrophic,
eukaryotic microorganism.
 The "green algae" is the
most diverse group of
algae,
 more than 7000 species
 They possess the green pigment called
chlorophyll. With this pigment, which
absorbs the radiant energy of the sun, they
can manufacture food by the process of
photosynthesis.

9. Size and Cell arrangement
Most algae are Microscopic
 need a microscope to see
 some are motile
Few are Macroscopic
 60 meters (200 feet) in length
 Not motile

10. Algae
 Reserve Food: In the form of starch
 Most of the member have storage bodies
called pyrenoids located in the chloroplasts.
Pyrenoids contain protein.
• Some algae store some food in the form of oil
droplets.

11. Algae
Unicellular (single-cell)
• A single-cell organism
Colonial
• Single-cell organism coming together
Multicellular
• Filamentous (thread)
• branched or unbranched
• complex

12. Algae have 3 methods of Reproduction
 Vegetative reproduction
 Asexual Reproduction
 Sexual Reproduction

13. Vegetative Reproduction (vegetative cloning)
- it is a simple process of reproduction in algae. The Thallus
divides into smaller fragments and each part later on gives
arise to a new plant.
This process is termed fragmentation
- Take place by fragmentation (state of breaking)

14. Asexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which
offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes
of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion
of gametes and almost never changes the number
of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form
of reproduction for single-celled organisms.
• Take place by means of spores called zoospores
produced in zoosporangia. They are associated 2 or 4 whip
like flagella
(to whip) of equal length
Zoospore

15. Sexual reproduction is of
Isogamous
Anisogamous
Oogamous
Isogamous (isogamy) - Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that
involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size).
Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as
"male" or "female“, most commonly noted as "+" and "−" strains
Fertilization occurs when gametes of two different mating types fuse
to form a zygote(to join).

16. Anisogamous (Anisogamy) - refers to a form of sexual
reproduction involving the union or fusion of two
dissimilar gametes (differing either in size and/or form)
The smaller gamete is considered to be male (sperm cell),
whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (egg cell).
Oogamous (Oogamy) -
one of a pair of structurally dissimilar gametes, the female
gamete being large and non-motile and the male gamete being
small and motile.

17. Like the plants, the green algae contain two forms of
chlorophyll(a&b), which they use to capture light energy to fuel
the manufacture of sugars, but unlike plants they are primarily
aquatic. Because they are aquatic and manufacture their own
food, these organisms are called "algae,“
Groups of algae Phyla Cell
wall
Brown Algae • Phaeophyta • Cellulose,
algin
Red algae • Rhodophyta • Cellulose,
agar
Green algae • Chlorophyta • Cellulose
Dinoflagettes • Dinoflagellata • Cellulose
Diatoms • Bacillariophyta •
Prectin, Silica
Water molds • Oomycota • Cellulose

19. A fungus ( plural: fungi or funguses )
• is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that
includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds.
• multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known
as mushrooms.
• Plant diseases caused by fungi include rusts, smuts, and leaf,
root, and stem rots, and may cause severe damage to crops.

20. Five Phyla:
 Chytridiomycota
 Zygomycota
 Glomeromycota
 Ascomycota
 Basidiomycota

21. Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
Cell wall – chitin
Filamentous - hyphae
No tissue

22. Reproduction in fungi
Can be Asexual or Sexual
• Fungi can reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or
producing spores.
• New colonies of fungi can grow from the fragmentation of
hyphae.
• Asexual spores are genetically identical to the parent and
may be released either outside or within a special
reproductive sac called a sporangium.

24. Sexual reproduction:
A large number of fungi reproduce sexually. However, the
members of Fungi Imperfecti, or ‘Deuteromycetes’ lack
sexual reproduction.
Cells of opposite
mating types fuse
Nuclei fuse together
=
Mixed chromosomes
Sexual production and
types of sexual spore
produced.

25. Ascomycota
- Sac fungi
- Antibiotics

26. Basidiomycota
- Club fungi
- Mushrooms

27. Chytridiomycota
-
Flagellated
- “protists”

28. Glomeromycota
- Plant symbiosis
- mycorrphiza
(with the roots or thalli)

29. Zygomycota
- Sporangia
- Bread mold

30. Bacteria ( singular: bacterium )
Plant pathology - is the scientific study
of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious
organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological
factors)
• Bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to
rods and spirals.
• There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil
and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water.
• Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships
with plants and animals
• Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms, generally ranging
from
1-2 µm in size that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.

31. Structure
- Nucleoid region
- Plasmids
- Capsule
- Pilus (plura: Pili)
- Cell Wall
peptidoglycan

32. Pili or pilus

33. 2 types of bacteria

34. How they Reproduce
Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that reproduce
asexually.
Bacterial reproduction most commonly occurs by a
kind of cell division called binary fission.
Binary fission results in the formation of two
bacterial cells that are genetically identical.

35. The cell increases in size
and the nuclear region
replicates
A double wall forms at the
middle of the enlarged cell.
Asexual Reproduction of
Bacteria
The cell separates' into two
cells at the midline wall.
Each cell is able to
function as a separately
entity

36. Sexual Reproduction of Bacteria
Bacteria capable of a form of sexual reproduction which involves the
transfer of DNA between bacterial cells. This process called
Conjugation.
Conjugation: gene transfer by
plasmids
The plasmids in Species A
integrates itself into the
chromosomes. Genes from the
chomosome become a part of
the plasmids when it reverses
out of the chromosomes.
Plasmids Acts as vector to
transfer DNA picked up from the
chromosome of from other
plasmids in the donor cell

37.  After reversing out of the chromosomes,
the plasmid replicates
 The donor bacterial cell (Species A) makes
contact with species B by creating a sex
pillus(connecting tube). The plasmid copy is
transferred to species B via the pilus the
incoming plasmid integrates into
chromosomes of Species B.
The pilus is withdraw. Inside the
bacterial cell of Specis B, the newly
copied plasmid reverses out of the
chromosomes but the DNA is carried
from the chromosome of Species A
remains integrated with the
chromosomes in species B.

38. Plasmids transfer themselves between bacterial
cells
Conjugation: Transfer of plasmids
The plasmids in Species A replicates.

39. Bacterial Communication
Planktonic Colonial

40. Lichens
A lichen is a composite organism that arises
from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among
filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship.
Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and
forms but lichens are not plants
Lichens do not have roots that absorb water and
nutrients as plants do but like plants they produce their
own food by photosynthesis using sunlight energy, from
carbon dioxide, water and minerals in their environment.
When they grow on plants, they do not live
as parasites and only use the plants as a
substrate(underlies).

41. Lichens are really combinations of
species from two or three different
biological kingdoms. so there is no
common lineage.
Lichens have the same scientific name
as the fungus in them, and are not
classified according to the species of
the algae and or cyanobacteria growing
in them.

42. Lichens may have tiny, leafless branches
(fruticose)
flat leaf-like structures
(foliose)
flakes that lie on the surface like peeling paint
(crustose)
Types of Lichens

43. Lichen Growth Forms
Crustose (crusty)
• edges flat, unlobed and
closely attached to substrate
• hard to remove without
damaging substrate or lichen
• algae usually dispersed
• edges unlobed (leprose and
squamulose included here)
Foliose (leafy)
• A sandwich of fungal layer
with algal mat in middle
• circular growth, lobes
• small rootlets called rhizines
attach it to substrate
• top and bottom layers
different

44. Fructicose (shrubby)
• round branches with its fungal layer outside, its
algal layer within
• no rhizines
• vertical growth pattern
• odd-shaped structures such as globets; threads
• Fruticose lichens are either shrub-like small
mounds, growing up from the ground, or beard-like,
small tangles looking a bit like spanish moss when
hanging down, attached to the substrate only at their
bases, and usually with a circular cross-section.

45. Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by vegetative reproduction or
through the dispersal of diaspores containing algal and fungal cells.
Soredia (singular soredium) are small groups of algal cells surrounded by
fungal filaments that form in structures called soralia, from which the
soredia can be dispersed by wind.
How lichens are formed?
A particular fungus species and algal species are not
necessarily always associated together in a lichen. One
fungus, for example, can form lichens with a variety of
different algae.