1) Strategies and structures: In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and amoeboid movement. Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs. Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move. Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this push the animal body towards that respective direction. 2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites. Commonly live in niche\'s of water. They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall. They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food. They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream, lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal. B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using enzymes. C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes. Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form. They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small static myosin motors. 3) Key characteristics of fungi : Fungi are unicellular or multicellular. Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae They are haploid. Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete enzymes to digest complex molecules Propogate by spores Asexual or sexual reproduction They can be multinucleated Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment) Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to survive. Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.

1. 1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche's of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism's body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete

2. enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi are closely related to
heterotrophs. Fungi consume dead or composing material thus making them saprophytes. Fungi
can be autotrophic , heterotrophic and saprotrophic. Fungi reproduce sexually by producing
spores but protists reproduce by asexually.
4) Physiology :
a. Nutrition. Most fungi contain complex enzymes and other chemical substances which, when
diffused into the host, break down the complex substances available wood, vegetation, leather,
bread, and so forth into simpler substances that can be used for food. The chemical products of
digestion are, therefore, completed outside of the organism, and the fungus absorbs the end
products.
b. Reproduction: Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, or both, depending upon the species
and the environmental conditions. Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Those that
produce only asexual spores are known as Deuteromycetes Fungi imperfecti. The yeasts
reproduce both by spores and by a process known as budding, which is similar to binary fission.
The yeast cell forms a small knoblike protrusion, or bud, that separates from the mother cell and
grows until it reaches full size, at which time the process is repeated.
c. Growth. Fungi grow well under the same conditions that favor the growth of bactera. Due to
this reason that fungal infections pose a serious problem to troops in the tropics. As the
temperature decreases, fungal activity also decreases; however, the spores are very resistant to
cold, some surviving freezing temperatures for long periods of time. On the other hand, fungi are
easily killed at high temperatures.
Structure of fungi
Microscopic structures : Fungi grow as hyphae, which are cylindrical, thread like structure.
Hyphae mainly grow in tips , new hyphae grow at their tips called apices and process called
branching. The combination of apical growth and branching leads to the development of a
mycelium, an interconnected network of hyphae. Hyphae can be either septate . Septate hyphae
are divided into compartments separated by cross walls (internal cell walls, called septa, that are

3. formed at right angles to the cell wall giving the hypha its shape), with each compartment
containing one or more nuclei . Septa have pores that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and
sometimes nuclei to pass through.
Macroscopic structures
A cluster of large, thick-stem, light-brown gilled mushrooms growing at the base of a tree.
These are visible to the naked eye can been seen in on various surfaces such as damp walls and
spoiled food, they are called molds. Mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes
are usually referred to as colonies. These colonies can exhibit growth shapes and colors (due to
spores or pigmentation) that can be used as diagnostic features in the identification of species or
groups.
The apothecium—a specialized structure important in sexual reproduction in the
ascomycetes—is a cup-shaped fruit body that holds the hymenium, a layer of tissue containing
the spore-bearing cells. The fruit bodies of the basidiomycetes (basidiocarps) and some
ascomycetes can sometimes grow very large, and many are well known as mushrooms.
Symbiosis: Fungi have evolved numerous symbioses involving diverse eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. When two species live close together and form a relationship, it is called symbiosis.
Symbiosis can be beneficial to one or both organisms, or sometimes one organism hurts the
other. Some of the partners in these relationships include plants, algae, insects and other animals,
and even humans. If fungi is not there many plants would go hungry. In the soil, fungi grow
closely around the roots of plants, and they begin to help each other. The plant roots together
with the special root-dwelling fungi are called mycorrhizae . Plants and fungi form a close
relationship, the plant and the fungus feed one another. The plant provides sugars to the fungus
that the plant makes through photosynthesis, which the fungus cannot do. The fungus then
provides minerals and water to the roots of the plant. Since the plant and the fungus are helping
each other out, this is a mutualistic relationship, a type of symbiosis known as mutualism. In this
relationship both organisms benefit.
Mycorrhizae: Is the symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots.
Solution
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live

4. in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche's of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism's body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to

5. survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi are closely related to
heterotrophs. Fungi consume dead or composing material thus making them saprophytes. Fungi
can be autotrophic , heterotrophic and saprotrophic. Fungi reproduce sexually by producing
spores but protists reproduce by asexually.
4) Physiology :
a. Nutrition. Most fungi contain complex enzymes and other chemical substances which, when
diffused into the host, break down the complex substances available wood, vegetation, leather,
bread, and so forth into simpler substances that can be used for food. The chemical products of
digestion are, therefore, completed outside of the organism, and the fungus absorbs the end
products.
b. Reproduction: Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, or both, depending upon the species
and the environmental conditions. Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Those that
produce only asexual spores are known as Deuteromycetes Fungi imperfecti. The yeasts
reproduce both by spores and by a process known as budding, which is similar to binary fission.
The yeast cell forms a small knoblike protrusion, or bud, that separates from the mother cell and
grows until it reaches full size, at which time the process is repeated.
c. Growth. Fungi grow well under the same conditions that favor the growth of bactera. Due to
this reason that fungal infections pose a serious problem to troops in the tropics. As the
temperature decreases, fungal activity also decreases; however, the spores are very resistant to
cold, some surviving freezing temperatures for long periods of time. On the other hand, fungi are
easily killed at high temperatures.
Structure of fungi
Microscopic structures : Fungi grow as hyphae, which are cylindrical, thread like structure.
Hyphae mainly grow in tips , new hyphae grow at their tips called apices and process called
branching. The combination of apical growth and branching leads to the development of a
mycelium, an interconnected network of hyphae. Hyphae can be either septate . Septate hyphae
are divided into compartments separated by cross walls (internal cell walls, called septa, that are
formed at right angles to the cell wall giving the hypha its shape), with each compartment
containing one or more nuclei . Septa have pores that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and
sometimes nuclei to pass through.
Macroscopic structures
A cluster of large, thick-stem, light-brown gilled mushrooms growing at the base of a tree.
These are visible to the naked eye can been seen in on various surfaces such as damp walls and
spoiled food, they are called molds. Mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes

6. are usually referred to as colonies. These colonies can exhibit growth shapes and colors (due to
spores or pigmentation) that can be used as diagnostic features in the identification of species or
groups.
The apothecium—a specialized structure important in sexual reproduction in the
ascomycetes—is a cup-shaped fruit body that holds the hymenium, a layer of tissue containing
the spore-bearing cells. The fruit bodies of the basidiomycetes (basidiocarps) and some
ascomycetes can sometimes grow very large, and many are well known as mushrooms.
Symbiosis: Fungi have evolved numerous symbioses involving diverse eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. When two species live close together and form a relationship, it is called symbiosis.
Symbiosis can be beneficial to one or both organisms, or sometimes one organism hurts the
other. Some of the partners in these relationships include plants, algae, insects and other animals,
and even humans. If fungi is not there many plants would go hungry. In the soil, fungi grow
closely around the roots of plants, and they begin to help each other. The plant roots together
with the special root-dwelling fungi are called mycorrhizae . Plants and fungi form a close
relationship, the plant and the fungus feed one another. The plant provides sugars to the fungus
that the plant makes through photosynthesis, which the fungus cannot do. The fungus then
provides minerals and water to the roots of the plant. Since the plant and the fungus are helping
each other out, this is a mutualistic relationship, a type of symbiosis known as mutualism. In this
relationship both organisms benefit.
Mycorrhizae: Is the symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots.