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2.  Waste disposal is a big issue and environmental
health concern in each setting. It is absolutely
necessary to dispose waste in proper manner
otherwise it ill cause a big public health concern
.

3.  if solid waste is not disposed properly it may become
health hazard. Following are possible health hazards of
collected waste –
 Heap of garbage may provide a breeding place for flies and
insects.
 It allow rodents and vermin to stay and grow
which are health hazard for people living nearby.

4.  The pathogens which may be present in the solid waste may
transmitted to man's food through flies and dust.
 there is a possibility of air, water and soil pollution due to
collected waste.
 heaps of refuse present an unsightly appearance
and nuisance from bad odours.

5.  DOMESTIC REFUSE- The domestic refuse consists of
ash, rubbish and garbage.
 Ash is the residue from fire used for cooking and
heating.
 Rubbish comprises paper, clothing, bits of wood,
metal, glass, dust and dirt.

6.  Garbage is waste matter from the
preparation, cooking and consumption of
food. It consists of waste food, vegetable
peelings and other organic matter.

7.  STREET REFUSE- Refuse that is collected by the
street cleansing service or scavenging is called
street refuse. It consists of leaves, straw, paper,

8. MARKET REFUSE- Refuse that is collected
from markets is called market refuse. It
contains a large proportion of putrid
vegetable and animal matter.

9. STABLE/ANIMAL SHELTER REFUSE- Refuse
that is collected from stables is called stable
litter. It contains mainly animal droppings
droppings and left-over animal feeds.

10.  INDUSTRIAL REFUSE- Industrial refuse consists
of a wide variety of wastes ranging from
completely inert materials such as calcium
carbonate to highly toxic and explosive
compounds.

11.  Solid waste management includes three steps-
 Storage
 Collection
 Disposal

12.  The first step in solid waste management is proper
storage of refuse, while awaiting collection. The steel
or plastic dust bin with close fitting cover is a suitable
receptacle for storing refuse. The capacity of a bin
will depend upon the number of users and frequency
of collection.

13.  Refuse may be stored in paper sac and the sack
itself is removed with the contents for disposal
and a new sack is substituted. It is
biodegradable and there fore a good and clean
system.

14.  Public dust bins cater for a larger number of
people. Small dust bins are fixed while big
dustbins are kept on a concrete platform raised
2 to 3 inches above ground level to prevent
flood water entering the bins.

15.  House-to-house collection is the best method of
collecting refuse. Only at some places in the urban
areas this kind of facility is available. In majority of
areas people are expected to dump the refuse in the
nearest public bin.

16.  The refuse is then transported in refuse collection
vehicles to the place of ultimate disposal. Dead
animals are directly transported to the place of
disposal. The open refuse collection cart should be
abandoned and replaced by enclosed vans.

17.  There are many methods of waste
disposal such as-
 (a) Dumping
 (b) Controlled tipping or
sanitary land-fill
 (c) Incineration
 (d) Composting
 (e) Manure pits
 (f) Burial.

18.  A) Dumping- Dumping is an easy method of disposal
of dry refuse. As a result of bacterial action, refuse
decreases considerably in volume and is converted
gradually into humus. But it is not a good method. It
has some drawbacks such as-

19. ( 1) the refuse is exposed to flies and
rodents, insects etc.
(2) it is a source of nuisance from the smell
and unsightly appearance,

20.  (3) the loose refuse is dispersed by the action of
the wind results in air pollution
 (4) drainage from dumps contributes to the
pollution of surface and ground water.

21.  B) Controlled tipping-Controlled tipping or sanitary
landfill is the most satisfactory method of refuse
disposal. It differs from ordinary dumping in that the
material is placed in a trench, adequately compacted,
and covered with earth at the end of the working day.

22.  A long trench is dug out - 2 to 3 M deep and 4 to 12
M, wide, depending upon local conditions and
availability of land. The refuse is compacted, pressed
and covered with excavated earth. compacted refuse
is placed in the trench to a depth of 2 M

23.  Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes occur in
buried refuse. The temperature rises to over 60 degree
centigrade within 7 days and kills all the pathogens and
hastens the decomposition process. Then it takes 2 to 3
weeks to cool down. Normally it takes 4 to 6 months for
complete decomposition of organic matter

24.  C) Incineration- burning of refuse is known as
incineration. Hospital refuse which is particularly
dangerous is best disposed of by incineration.
Incineration is used in several of the industrialized
countries, particularly in large cities due to lack of
suitable land

25.  D) Composting- Composting is a method of combined
disposal of refuse and human excreta. Composting is a
process of nature whereby organic matter breaks down
under bacterial action resulting in the formation of compost
which has considerable manurial value for the soil.

26.  The following methods of composting are used in
India -
 (1) Bangalore method (Anaerobic method)
 (2) Mechanical composting (Aerobic method)

27.  Bangalore method- It has been recommended as a
satisfactory method of disposal of town wastes and nightsoil
. Trenches are dug 3 feet deep, 5-8 feet broad and 15-30 feet

28.  First a layer of refuse about 15 cm thick is spread at the
bottom of the trench. Over this, nightsoil is added
corresponding to a thickness of 5 cm. Then alternate layers
of refuse and nightsoil are added in the proportion of 15 cm
and 5 cm respectively, till the heap rises to 30 cm above the
ground level.

29.  The top layer should be of refuse, at least 25 cm thickness. Then the
heap is covered with excavated earth. Within 7 days as a result of
bacterial action considerable heat (over 60 deg C) is generated in the
compost mass. This intense heat over 2 or 3 weeks help to
decompose the refuse and nightsoil and to destroy all pathogenic and
parasitic organisms. At the end of 4 to 6 months, decomposition is
complete and manure is formed.

30.  Mechanical composting method- In this method
compost manufactured on a large scale by processing
of refuse. The refuse is first cleared of salvageable
materials such as rags, bones, metal, glass and items
which are likely to interfere with the grinding
operation.

31.  the refuse is then grinded and mixed with sewage, sludge or
nightsoil in a rotating machine and incubated. The factors
which are controlled in the operation are a certain carbon-
nitrogen ratio, temperature, moisture, pH and aeration. The
entire process of composting is complete in 4 to 6 weeks.

32.  (E) Manure pit- The problem of refuse disposal in rural areas
can be solved by digging 'manure pits' by the individual
householders. The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves
should be dumped into the manure pits and covered with
earth after each day's dumping. Two such pits will be
needed.

33.  when one manure pit is full it is closed. In 5 to 6
month's time, the refuse is converted into manure
which can be returned to the field. Till this time
another pit is used. This method of refuse disposal is
effective and relatively simple in rural communities.

34.  (F) Burial- This method is suitable for small camps or small
parties or picnics. A trench 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep is
excavated, and at the end of each day the refuse is covered
with 20 to 30 cm of earth. When the level in the trench is 40
cm from ground level, the trench is filled with earth and
compacted, and a new trench is dug out.

35. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )