search and rescue at sea , IAM SAR MANUAL 3 AS REF

1. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 1

2. Responsibilities and Obligations to Assist
• Annex 12 to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation
• International Convention on Maritime Search and
Rescue
• Regulation V/33 of the International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974). (See
appendix A).
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 2

3. Regulation 33
Distress situations: obligations and procedures
• The master of a ship at sea which is in a position
to be able to provide assistance, on receiving
information from any source that persons are in
distress at sea, is bound to proceed with all speed
to their assistance .
Ref. SOLAS ch.V reg.33
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 3

4. continue with reg.33
& If possible informing them or the search and
rescue service that the ship is doing so .
• This obligation to provide assistance applies regardless
of the nationality or status of such persons or the
circumstances in which they are
found .
Ref. SOLAS ch.V reg.33
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 4

5. • If the ship receiving the distress alert is unable or, in
the special circumstances of the case, considers it
unreasonable or unnecessary to proceed to their
assistance, the master must enter in the logbook
the reason for failing to proceed to the assistance of
the persons in distress,
• taking into account the recommendation of
the Organization to inform the appropriate
search and rescue service accordingly
Ref. SOLAS ch.V reg.33
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 5

6. SAR Co-ordination
• The SAR system has three general levels of
co-ordination:
• SAR co-ordinators (SCs)
• SAR mission co-ordinators (SMCs)
• On-scene co-ordinators (OSCs).
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 6

7. SAR Co-ordinators
• SCs are the top level SAR managers; each State normally will
have one or more persons or agencies for whom this
designation may be appropriate.
SCs have the overall responsibility for:
• establishing, staffing, equipping and managing the SAR
system
• establishing RCCs and rescue sub-centers (RSCs)
• providing or arranging for SAR facilities
• co-ordinating SAR training
• developing SAR policies.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 7

8. SAR Mission Co-ordinator
• Each SAR operation is carried out under the
guidance of an SMC.
• This function exists only for the duration of a
specific SAR incident
and is normally performed by the RCC chief
or a designee. The SMC may have assisting
staff.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 8

9. • The SMC guides a SAR operation until a rescue
has been effected or it becomes apparent that
further efforts would be of no avail.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
‫جدوى‬ ‫دون‬
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 9

10. •The SMC should be well trained in all SAR processes,
be thoroughly familiar with the applicable SAR plans,
and:
 gather information about distress situations
 develop accurate and workable SAR action plans
 dispatch and co-ordinate the resources to carry out
SAR missions.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 10

11. SMC duties include:
• obtain and evaluate all data on the emergency
• ascertain the type of emergency equipment carried by the missing or
distressed craft
• remain informed of prevailing environmental conditions
• if necessary, ascertain movements and locations of vessels and
alert shipping in likely search areas for rescue, lookout and/or
radio watch
plot the areas to search and decide on methods and
facilities to be used
• develop the search action plan and rescue action plan as
appropriate
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 11

12. • co-ordinate the operation with adjacent RCCs when
appropriate
• arrange briefing and debriefing of SAR personnel
• evaluate all reports and modify search action plan
as necessary
• arrange for refueling of aircraft and, for prolonged
search, make arrangements for the accommodation
of SAR personnel
• arrange for delivery of supplies to sustain survivors
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 12

13. • maintain in chronological order an accurate and up-to-date
record
• issue progress reports
• determine when to suspend or terminate the search
• release SAR facilities when assistance is no longer required
• notify accident investigation authorities
• if applicable, notify the State of registry of the aircraft
• prepare a final report
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 13

14. On-Scene Co-Ordinator osc
• When two or more SAR facilities are working
together on the same mission, one person on-
scene may be needed to co-ordinate the
activities of all participating facilities.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 14

15. The SMC designates an OSC, who may be
the person in charge of a:
1. search and rescue unit (SRU), ship, or aircraft
participating in a search, or
2. nearby facility in a position to handle OSC duties.
3. The person in charge of the first facility to arrive at the
scene will normally assume the OSC function until the
SMC arranges for that person to be relieved
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 15

16. OSC Duties
• the poorer the communications, the more authority
the OSC will need to initiate actions
• Co-ordinate operations of all SAR facilities on-scene
• Receive the search action plan or rescue plan from
the SMC
•
Modify the search action or rescue action plan as the
situation on scene dictates
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 16

17. Amver
• Amver is one of many ship reporting systems. It is a
world-wide system operated exclusively to support
SAR and make information available to all RCCs
• There is no charge for vessels to participate in
• Any merchant vessel of 1000 gt or more on any
voyage of greater than 24 hrs is welcome to
participate
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 17

18. Immediate Action
• The following immediate action should be
taken by any ship receiving a distress message:
acknowledge receipt of message
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 18

19. Immediate Action
gather the following information from the
craft in distress if possible:
– position of distressed craft
– distressed craft’s identity, call sign, and name
– number of POBs
– nature of the distress or casualty
– type of assistance required
– number of victims, if any
– distressed craft’s course and speed
– type of craft, and cargo carried
– any other pertinent information that might facilitate the rescue
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 19

20.  maintain a continuous watch on the
following international frequencies, if
equipped to do so:
• 500 kHz (radiotelegraphy)
• 2182 kHz (radiotelephony)
• 156.8 MHz FM (Channel 16, radiotelephony)
for vessel distress
• 121.5 MHz AM (radiotelephony) for aircraft
distress
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 20

21. Datum
• It will be necessary to establish a datum, or geographic
reference, for the area to be searched. The following
factors should be considered:
1. reported position and time of the SAR incident
2. any supplementary information such as DF bearings or sightings
3. time interval between the incident and the arrival of SAR facilities
4. estimated surface movements of the distressed craft or survival
craft, depending on drift (The two figures following this discussion
are used in calculating drift.) The datum position for the search is
found as follows:
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 21

22. Drift
• drift has two components:
• leeway and total water current
– leeway direction is downwind
– leeway speed depends on wind speed
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 22

23. How to calculate?
• datum position is found by moving from the
incident position, or last computed datum
position, the drift distance in the drift
direction and plotting the resulting position on a
suitable chart.
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 23

24. Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 24

25. Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 25

26. Datum is :
• A geographic point, line, or area used as a
reference in search planning.
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 26

27. Commence search point
(CSP)
• Point, normally specified by the SMC, where
a SAR facility is to begin its search pattern
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 27
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III

28. Coverage factor (C)
• For parallel track searches, it may be computed as
the ratio of sweep width (W) to track spacing (S).
C = Wc / S
• The recommended coverage (C) for most situations
is 1.0
Recommended S = WC
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 28

29. • Sweep width (W) is an index or measure of the
ease or difficulty of detecting a given search
object
WC = WU x fw
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 29

30. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 30

31. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 31

32. track spacing (S)
• Most search patterns consist of straight,
parallel, equally spaced tracks covering a
rectangular area. The distance between
adjacent tracks is called the track spacing (S).
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 32

33. searching Speed (V)
• To perform a parallel track search with several
vessels moving together in a co-ordinated
manner, all vessels should proceed at the
same speed, as directed by the OSC
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 33

34. searching Speed (V)
• When performing a co-ordinated search with
several vessels moving together, the search speed
should normally be the maximum speed of
the slowest vessel present under the prevailing
conditions.
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 34

35. searching Speed (V)
• In restricted visibility, the OSC will normally
order a reduction in searching speed
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 35

36. Search Area (A)
• if the search must commence immediately,
assume R =10 NM
• if time is available for computation:
compute the area a craft can cover in a certain amount of
time (T) by the formula:
A = S X V X T
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 36

37. Expanding Square Search (SS)
1. Most effective when the location of the search object is known within
relatively close limits.
2. The commence search point is always the datum position.
3. Often appropriate for vessels or small boats to use when searching for
persons in the water or other search objects with little or no leeway.
4. Due to the small area involved, this procedure must not be used
simultaneously by multiple aircraft at similar altitudes or by multiple
vessels.
5. Accurate navigation is required; the first leg is usually oriented directly
into the wind to minimize navigational errors.
6. It is difficult for fixed-wing aircraft to fly legs close to datum if S is less than
2 NM
Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 37

38. Ref. IAM SAR MANUAL VOL III10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 38

39. For vessels, the search pattern radius is usually
between 2 NM and 5 NM, and each turn is 1200,
normally turned to starboard
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 39

40. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 40

41. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 41

42. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 42

43. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 43

44. 10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 44

45. Initiation of Search
• When a search facility arrives on-scene in advance
of the others, it should proceed directly to datum
and commence an expanding square search
• If possible, datum may be marked by putting over a
liferaft or other floating marker with a leeway
similar to that of the search object, as a check on
the drift.
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 45

46. Search Successful
• Once the distressed craft or survivors have been
sighted, the OSC should assess the best method
for the rescue and direct the most suitably
equipped craft to the scene.
• Ensure that all survivors are accounted for
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 46

47. • When all rescuing action has been effected, the
OSC should immediately inform all search
facilities that the search has been terminated
10/26/2019 cpt.mahoud attia 47