mobile ad hoc network

1. POWER POINT PRESENTATION
NAME : MAHESHWARAND
DEPT : CSE-A3ND YEAR
SUB CODE : CS8601
SUBJECT : MOBILE COMPUTING
SUBMITTED DATE : 17 02 2021
REG NO : 810418104059
REFERENCE : www.mc.edu.in

2. Mobile Ad-Hoc
Networking

3. What is a MANET?
• MANET – (Mobile Ad-Hoc NETwork) a system of
mobile nodes (laptops, sensors, etc.) interfacing
without the assistance of centralized infrastructure
(access points, bridges, etc.)
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking

4. The Problem
• Unstable paths
• Processing power
• Battery life
• Time delays
• High cost of memory

5. Factors Affecting MANETs
• Scalability
• Power vs. Latency
• Incompatible Standards
• Data Rates
• User Education
• Security
• Coverage

6. Solutions
• Table Driven
• DSDV
• CGSR
• WRP
• Source-initiated On-Demand Driven
• AODV
• DSR
• LMR
• TORA
• ABR
• SSR

7. The Family Tree

8. Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing
(DSDV)
• Every node maintains a routing table.
• “Full” vs. “incremental” update
• Settling time – the weighted average time that routes to a destination
will fluctuate before the route with the best metric is received.

9. Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)
• A central “clusterhead” node is chosen.
• The clusterhead is chosen by the “Least Cluster Change” algorithm
• Traffic is routed to the current clusterhead who forwards the traffic
through a gateway node to the next clusterhead in line until the
clusterhead of the destination node is located.
• Each node must maintain a cluster member table

10. CGSR (cont.)

11. Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)
• 4 tables: Distance, routing, link-cost, and message retransmission list
• Neighboring nodes broadcast update messages
• Uses hello messages to establish connectivity
• Checks all incoming update information

12. Comparing Table Driven Routing Protocols

13. Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing
(AODV)
• Route Request Packets (RREQ)
• The source node broadcasts an RREQ to all neighboring nodes.
• Nodes record the source of the first RREQ received to establish a
reverse path.

14. AODV (cont.)
• Route Reply Packets (RREP)
• The destination or node with a route to the destination unicasts a RREP
back to the source to establish a route.

15. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
• Each node maintains a route cache.
• If a source node has no route in its cache, it broadcasts a route
request.
• A route reply is generated when either the destination or a node with
a route to the destination is found.
• Supports symmetric links

16. DSR (cont.)
• Maintenance is accomplished by route error packets and
acknowledgements.
• If a node fails to send an acknowledgement, any route that contains that
node is truncated.

17. Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
• Used in highly dynamic networks
• Provides multiple routes for source/destination pair
• Uses direct acyclic graphs to measure “height”
• Assumes all nodes have synchronized clocks
• Classifies links as upstream and downstream

18. TORA (cont.)

19. Associativity-Based Routing (ABR)
• Uses degree of association stability as a metric
• Strives to build “longer-lived” routes

20. Signal Stability Routing (SSR)
• Selects routes based on signal strength and location stability
• Periodic beacons update signal strength tables
• Only requests that are received over strong channels are forwarded
unless the PREF field in the header is set to allow weak channels

21. Comparing Source-Initiated On-Demand Routing
Protocols

22. Vehicular Ad–Hoc
Network

23. What is VANET ?
Vehicular Ad–Hoc Network, or VANET
 a form of Mobile ad-hoc network
 provide communication
- among nearby vehicles
- between vehicles
- nearby fixed equipment

24. How vehicular communications work
- road-side infrastructure units (RSUs),
named network nodes, are equipped
with on-board processing and wireless
communication modules

25. How vehicular communications work (Continue)
- vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) communication will be possible

26. What can VANET provide
The VANET can provide
Safety
Efficiency
Traffic and road conditions
Road signal alarm
Local information

27. Related work
Research have been worked
Outline challenges for VANET
- availablility, mobility
Describe particular attacks
-DoS, alteration attacks
Suggest solution towards attacks

28. Security Requirements
1. Message Authentication and Integrity
2. Message Non-Repudiation
3. Entity Authentication
4. Access Control Authorization
5. Message Confidentiality
6. Privacy and Anonymity
7. Availability
8. Liability Identification

29. Security Requirements
Message Authentication and Integrity
- Message must be protected from any
alteration
Message Non-Repudiation
- The sender of a message cannot deny having sent a
message
Entity Authentication
- The receiver is ensured that the sender generated a
message
- The receiver has evidence of the liveness of the sender

30. System Model
Vehicular communications system
- Users
- Network nodes
- Authorities

31. System Model
 Users
- user is the owner or the
driver or a passenger
of the vehicle
 Network Nodes
- processes running on computing platforms
capable of wireless communication
- Mounted on vehicles and road-side units
(RSUs)

32. Communication Model
Frequent Broadcast Communication
Most of the vehicular network traffic is Broadcasted at the network
or application layers
Message are transmitted either
periodically or triggered by network events
Transmission period is low
Time-sensitive Communication
Message delivery can be constrained by deadlines
- different messages have different delay requirements