2. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules…
Today we will dig into the four macromolecules
that are essential for life to exist.
3. What are the 4 biomolecules?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
5. What are Carbohydrates?
Most common organic molecule
Function: Primary energy source our body needs
Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
Simple sugars. Basic unit of carbohydrates. Usually
colorless, water-soluble and crystalline solids.
Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
Long chain polymeric carbohydrates.
Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
IMPORTANT!
6. Sugars that make up Carbs
Single sugar: monosaccharide
Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
Ex: maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
I am a
polysaccharide!
7. Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
Used for energy storage in plants
Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
They provide a quick form of energy for the
body
Glycogen:
• Used for energy storage in animals
I am
formed in
the Liver!
8. More Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
• Provides structural
support in plants (found
in the cell wall)
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletens of
arthropods (insects,
spiders)
• Found in cell wall of
some fungi
GIVES US FIBER!!!
Increases weight.Aids us in constipation
12. Lipids
Function: Store energy, Insulates
your body, and make up the cell
membrane!
Elements: C-H-O
Monomer (Building blocks):
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Polymer: Phospholipids,
triglycerides
Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,
Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part
of the cell membrane!
13. Lipids
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do
not dissolve in water!
• Lipids can be:
• Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons
are single bonds.
•Solid at room temperature
•Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
• Unsaturated: There is at least one double or
triple bond between carbons present.
•Liquid at room temperature
•Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as
oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Important!
19. Proteins
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell
• Control the speed of chemical reactions
• Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
20. Proteins
Elements: C-H-O-N
Monomer (Building Block):
amino acids (20 different
ones!)
Polymer: proteins (tons)
Examples of proteins:
hemoglobin in red blood
cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control
reactions in the body, and
antibodies
Found in: fish, eggs, meat
NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
21. Protein Structure
Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
“R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
22. Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH)
and an amino group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
23. Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
25. Nucleic acids
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Genetic
code! Recipe for
proteins
Energy
carrier
