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Miller 15e ch15
1.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. MILLER/SPOOLMAN Environmental Science, 15e G. TYLER MILLER | SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 15 Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion
2.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Atmospheric warming – The gradual rise in the average temperature of the surface atmosphere (over both land and sea) – A key factor contributing to the melting of Greenland’s glaciers, as well as in long term climate change – a process caused primarily by human activity, and which if left unchecked, will have a harmful effect on global ecosystems and the services they provide Core Case Study: Melting Ice in Greenland
3.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Greenland (the world’s largest Island) is mostly covered by glaciers – some as much as 3.2km (2 miles) thick • If climate change melted all of Greenland’s ice, how much might sea level rise? • Can you see effects of atmospheric warming where you live? Greenland’s Glaciers
4.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • The atmosphere is composed of several spherical layers – The layer of air directly above the surface is the troposphere, which supports life – The layer above this is the stratosphere, which contains the earth’s protective ozone layer 15.1 What Is the Nature Of the Atmosphere?
5.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • The troposphere contains the air we breathe and is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen – but also contains greenhouse gasses (H20, CO2, CH4, N2O) • The stratosphere is similar in composition to the troposphere, but has much less water vapor and contains the ozone layer The Troposphere and Stratosphere
6.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Outdoor pollution includes industrial smog (burning coal), photochemical smog (industrial emissions and cars), and acid deposition (coal-burning power/industrial plant and cars) • Indoor pollution includes smoke/soot from wood/coal fires, cigarette smoke, and chemicals in building materials and cleaning products 15.2 What Are the Major Air Pollution Problems?
7.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Air pollution: atmospheric chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm organisms, ecosystems, and alter climate – Natural: dust, wildfires, volcanoes, and plants – Human activities: burning fossil fuels; car use • Outdoor air pollutants: – Primary: emitted directly into air – Secondary: chemicals formed from primary pollutants Sources of Air Pollution
8.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Natural and Human Inputs To Air Pollutants
9.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Carbon oxides • Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid • Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid • Particulates: suspended particulate matter • Ozone • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – Hydrocarbons, methane, benzene, and liquid solvents Major Outdoor Air Pollutants
10.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Industrial smog: a mix of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and particulates – China, India, Ukarine, Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Poland • Photochemical smog: a mix of primary/secondary pollutants/chemicals formed in light activated reactions – Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, Sydney, Sao Palo, Bangkok and Mexico City Smog
11.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Reduced by: – Settling of particles heavier than air, cleansing by rain/snow, salty sea spray from the oceans, wind dilution and removal, chemical reactions in the atmosphere • Increased by: – Urban structures that block winds, hills and mountains that block valley ventilation, high temperatures, emission of VOCs, grasshopper effect, temperature inversions Factors Influencing Outdoor Air Pollution
12.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Acidic compounds (H2SO4, HNO3, SO2 -4 and NO-3) formed during wind dispersal of outdoor pollutants can on descent result in far flung acid deposition (a mix of wet/dry deposition) – Wet deposition: acid rain/snow/cloud vapor; happens slowly in distant downwind areas – Dry deposition: acidic particles; happens quickly close to industrial sources Acid Deposition
13.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Natural Capital Degradation: Acid Deposition
14.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Harms crops, reduces plant productivity, leaches essential nutrients from soil, damages buildings, contributes to human respiratory disease, and leaches toxic metals into the environment that get biomagnified into food webs • Prevention is the best solution – reduce or eliminate these pollutants from coal-fired power and industrial plants Acid Deposition: Problems and Solutions
15.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • In less-developed countries, mainly from indoor burning of wood, charcoal, dung, and coal in open fires/poorly vented stoves • In more-developed countries, from fumes given off by building materials/furniture – 11 common air pollutants are higher inside U.S. buildings than outside – Air pollution inside cars in congested traffic can be almost 20 times higher than outside Indoor Air Pollution
16.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Indoor Pollutants In Modern Houses
17.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Respiratory system pollution protection: – Hairs in your nose filter out large particles – Mucus in upper respiratory tract traps smaller particles/dissolves some gaseous pollutants – Sneezing/coughing expel contaminated air – Hair-like cilia in the upper respiratory tract oscillate and transport mucus/pollutants to your throat (swallowed or expelled) – Prolonged or acute exposure to air pollutants can break down these natural defenses Air Pollution Is a Big Killer
18.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • While there are many legal, economic, and technological tools that can help us fight air pollution, the best solution is prevention 15.3 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution?
19.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Enact/regulate/enforce laws/standards • Strengthen laws by: – Prevention, further reducing and controlling emissions (especially for cars and motorcycles), setting stricter regulations for airports and reducing indoor air pollution • Authorizing/using emissions trading – Dependent on how low initial cap is set/how often this level is lowered to improve control Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution
20.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Transition from using open fires/poorly vented stoves in less-developed countries to more efficient clay/well vented metal stoves and solar cookers • Ban indoor smoking and increase air circulation in commercial buildings/homes • Set stricter standards for emissions from products designed/made for indoor use • Use naturally based cleaning products Reducing Indoor Air Pollution
21.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Scientific evidence indicates that atmospheric warming is happening at a rate that will likely lead to significant climate change 15.4 How Might the Earth’s Climate Change In the Future?
22.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Weather: short-term changes in atmospheric variables over hours or days • Climate: average weather conditions and patterns over the earth, or a specific region, for a minimum of three decades • As the earth’s average atmospheric temperature rises, some areas get warmer, others get cooler Weather, Climate and Change
23.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Over the earth’s 3.5 billion year history climate has changed many times • For the last 100 thousand years, humans have lived/developed in a reasonably steady, inter-glacial (thawing) climate • Over the last 200 years, atmospheric temperatures have risen with urban growth • The rate of climate change has been accelerating since 1978 Climate Change
24.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • How do we know it is happening now? – Earth’s average global surface temperature 1.4 degrees F. than 1906 – Nine of the warmest years since 2000 – Glaciers/summer arctic sea ice are shrinking – Melting permafrost; rising sea levels – More atmospheric greenhouse gasses – Migration of terrestrial/freshwater/marine species towards the poles More on Climate Change
25.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Greenhouse effect: lower atmospheric warming caused by the reflection and interaction of some of the earth’s incoming solar radiation with molecules in the air – Life on earth is dependent of this effect • CO2/heat uptake by oceans helps to moderate the earth’s average surface temperature and slows climate change • Cloud cover leads to atmospheric warming The Greenhouse Effect, Oceans,and Clouds
26.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • The projected increases in atmospheric temperatures can have long-lasting effects: – Flooding – Rising sea levels – Shifts in the locations of croplands – Wildlife habitats – More extreme weather 15.5 What Are Some Possible Effects of a Warmer Atmosphere?
27.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Worst case scenario: rising atmospheric temperatures will likely lead to rising sea levels, increased flooding, heat waves, forest fires, grasslands will turn to dust bowls, rivers will dry up, ecosystems will collapse, and ¼ of the world’s species will go extinct – Result: increased poverty and loss of food security Projected Consequences of Rapid Atmospheric Warming
28.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Light-colored ice and snow in polar regions helps to cool the earth by reflecting incoming solar energy back into space (albedo effect) – Melting ice and snow will expose darker land and sea surfaces which reflect less sunlight and absorb more solar energy – this warms the atmosphere – Freshwater will be added to the ocean – changing chemistry? Ice and Snow Likely To Melt
29.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Worst case scenario: a three foot rise could have the following effects – Degradation/destruction of coastal estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, and deltas – Destruction of coastal fisheries – Flooding of low-lying countries and cities, erosion of low-lying barrier islands (especially in U.S.) and submersion of island nations – Saltwater invasion of coastal aquifers Sea Levels
30.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Some regions will experience increased chance of extreme drought, more intense heat waves, and expansion of deserts • Other regions will experience increased flooding, precipitation (snow, rain), stronger hurricanes and typhoons, and colder winters Extreme Weather Could Become More Common
31.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Up to 85% of the Amazon Rain Forest (a major center of biodiversity) could be lost and converted to tropical savannah • 25-50% of the world’s species could face extinction (especially polar bears, penguins, and corals) • Insect and fungi populations could explode • As crop production falls, the diversity of crops will also decrease Climate Change Is Likely To Alter Ecosystems
32.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • More frequent and prolonged heat waves could increase illnesses/the death rate • Fewer people will die from cold weather • With a warmer, more CO2 rich atmosphere, disease transmitting insects, microbes/mold populations will multiply • Heavy photochemical smog will cause pollution related respiratory problems and often death Climate Change May Threaten Human Health
33.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • If we cut waste and rely on new and renewable energy resources, we can: – Reduce greenhouse gas emissions – Save money – Improve human health – Reduce the threat of climate change 15.6 What Can We Do To Slow Projected Climate Change?
34.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • The problem is complex, and both a global and a long-term political issue – Involves the uneven distribution of both beneficial and harmful impacts of climate change – Requires the reduction/phasing out of fossil fuel use (which is controversial) • Projected effects of climate change are still uncertain Dealing With Projected Climate Change Is Difficult
35.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. Climate Change Tipping Points
36.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Strategies: – Strictly regulate CO2 and CH4 – Phase out coal-burning power plants – Tax CO2 or CH4 emissions/start energy taxes – Use a cap-and-trade system – Phase out subsidies/tax breaks for fossil fuel industries and industrialized food production • Offer subsidies for energy efficient technologies – Increase development of alternatives What Can Governments Do?
37.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Some countries, states, cities and private companies are working to reduce their carbon footprints – Colleges and universities also reducing carbon footprints • We can prepare for climate change – Focus the attention of relief organizations on expanding mangrove forests, building shelters on higher ground, and planting trees on slopes – build structures higher off the ground What Else Can Be Done?
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Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere coming from the widespread use of certain chemicals is allowing more harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach the earth • By not producing and using ozone depleting chemicals and adhering to international treaties that ban these chemicals, we can reverse ozone depletion 15.7 How Have We Depleted Ozone In the Stratosphere?
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Ozone thinning stems from the overuse of harmful chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) known as freons – used for coolants/air conditioning • Ozone thinning allows: – More biologically damaging UV-A/UV-B radiation to reach earth’s surface, contributing to cataracts and skin cancer – Impairs/destroys phytoplankton Ozone Depletion
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Learning. All Rights Reserved. • India invests in teaching solar cooking in schools – Part of a governmental five-year-plan to reduce indoor air pollution by providing both the technology (solar cookers) and training (classes for assembling/cooking) – Although solar cookers have been available in India since 1982 – families try solar cooking and then revert to traditional methods • Additional Case Study: Solar Cooking – One Solution to Indoor Air Pollution
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning. All Rights Reserved. • By embedding classes in school curricula, the government hopes to increase acceptance and use of solar cooking • How does a solar cooker work? • What are three advantages and three disadvantages of solar cookers? • In India, what issues with solar cookers need to be addressed to make usage more practical? More On Solar Cooking in India
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Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Solar cooking prevents a significant amount of indoor air pollution • Solar cookers rely on the sun and use an unlimited, free, renewable energy resource -- which helps slow climate change. • Projects for converting populations to solar cooking are successfully underway in Africa, South America and India – in preparation for impacts of climate change Solar Cooking and the Three Big Ideas
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