1. Dr. Chandrakant N. Patil
Ph D (Animal Nutrition)
Consulting Animal Nutritionist

2. Dramatic Changes in Dairy Industry
With Large Herds
In High Producing Cows
DECREASE FERTILITY
Metabolic Disorders
Conception Rate Cycling Interval

3. BASIC CONCEPTS: METABOLIC DISORDERS
More Manifest
Increase in Milk Yield Pathological Phenomena
Metabolic Process
Organs
Uterus Ova Udder
Not Genuine Disease A ‘Symptom’
Can be effectively controlled by:
Improved Methods of Feeding and Husbandry

4. Fatty Liver Acidosis Hypocalcaemia
Ketosis Milk Fat Depression Hypomagnaesemia
Ruminal Acidosis Udder Edema
Laminitis Retained Placenta
Milk Fat Depression Metritis
Energy Related Fiber Related Mineral Related
Reduced Production
Impaired Reproductive Performance
Risk to develop other disease
Broken Homeostatic Mechanisms

5. Hepatic Lipidosis/ Fat Cow Syndrome
- Characterized by high lipids and triglycerides in Liver
- Especially Sub- clinical form (40-50%)
- Occurrence in Peri-parturient period (1st 4 wks of calving)
- Risk factors (Nutritional, Managerial or Genetics)
Pre- partum Post- partum
Obesity Diseases and Infection
Severe feed restriction Fasting/ Feed restriction
Excess energy feeding Ketogenic diets
Long calving intervals Sudden feed changes

9. -Characterized by high conc. Of KETONE bodies
in blood (acetoacetate, BHBA and acetone)
- Low blood glucose
- Sub- clinical/ Clinical (1st 2 weeks of lactation)
- Often signs of CNS dysfunction
- Inappetance
- Leads to NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
- Lower milk production
Nutritional Intervention:
Proper energy nutrition before and after calving (KEY FACTOR)
Keep early lactation cows slightly hungry for concentrates
But, never without access to high quality forages

10. - Results from ingestion of large amount of readily fermentable CHOs
- Usually occurs in high producing cows
- SARA- Major threat to WELFARE of lactating dairy cow
- SARA (Rumen pH: 6.0); Acute Acidosis (Rumen pH: Below 5.5)
Leads to:
Rumenitis Metabolic acidosis
Lameness Hepatic abscesses
Pneumonia Even Death

20. SPECIFICS FOR PREVENTION
Yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Malate supplementation
Ionophore supplementation

23. Associated specifically with RUMINAL ACIDOSIS
Reduces Profitability of herd
Reduces production and reproduction performance
Yeast culture
Zinc
Biotin

24. KETOSIS DISPLACED ABOMASUM (LEFT)
Risk Factors:
Low feed intake
NEB
Hypocalcaemia
Correct Acidosis
Surgical intervention

25. Diet with HIGH CONCENTRATE
Low DIETARY FIBER
Feeding UNSATURATED OILS

26. Typical nutritional disorder
Most common MD in dairy farming
Non- febrile disease
Accompanied with:
- General weakness
- Circulatory collapse
- Depression of sensation
Total calcium in blood level: < 2 mmol/ lit
Accompanied by :
- Hypophosphataemia
- Less serious Hypomangnesaemia
- Pronounced by Hypocalaemia

28. Clinical Milk Fever Produces 14% less milk in subsequent lactation
25% cases relapse, need treatment
(with sternal recumbancy) 15% will be culled or die
Impaired Reproductive Performance:
2.5 times greater risk of dystokia
2.4 times risk for ketosis
2.3 times risk for displaced abomasum
2.2 times risk for retained placenta
2.1 times risk for Metritis
6.0 times risk for Metritis
Increased Incidences of Cystic Ovarian Diseases

29. Dietary Restriction of Ca in dry period
Dietary acidification of prior to calving
Feeding anionic salts

30. Inadequate antioxidant status, “OXIDATIVE STRESS”
Se, Zn, Mn and Vit. E supplementation

31. Sporadic in cows and heifers near parturition
Unless complicated, recovery is faster
Inherent physiological phenomena
‘Steaming up’ feeding method in Pregnancy
Addition of Na or K in diet before calving
Best Remedy:
Avoid feeding SODIUM BICARBONATE
during DRY PERIOD

33. Live yeast:
60 days pre- partum
90 days post- partum
Bypass fat (CaSFA):
60 days- 14 days pre- partum
14 days- 90 days post- partum
Mineral premix:
365 days a year (min. 135g per day)
MHA Chelated premix:
14g/ animal/ day in transition phase
Yeast metabolites: 50g/ animal/ day

34. Concentrate Feed
Crude Protein level:
• Max. 19% during 90 days post- partum
• Max.18% during mid- lactation
• Max. 16% during late lactation
• Max. 12% during dry period and
transition period

35. Lower incidences of Lactic Acidosis
Lower incidences of mastitis and metritis
Lower incidences locomotive disorders