1. Prevalence & Economic Importance
of FMD & CBPP Outbreaks in Cattle
in Isingiro & Nakasongola Districts,
Uganda
AFRICAN LIVESTOCK CONFERENCE &
EXHIBITION, SPEKE RESORT &
CONFERENCE CENTRE, MUNYONYO,
KAMPALA, UGANDA
JUNE 20TH, 2014
Drs. Baluka S A, Ocaido M., Mugisha A.
Baluka S A et al., 2014 16/26/2014

2. Structure of the Presentation
• Introduction
• Materials & Methods
• Results & Discussion
• Conclusions & Recommendations
• Acknowledgements
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3. Introduction
• Livestock enterprises & animal production
contribute significantly to the world economy,
provide household source of income, food
security, source of energy, draft power, high
quality animal proteins, vitamins, manure, hides
& skins, and bride price.
• Animal diseases undermine the livestock sector
potential & compromise food security.
• Animal diseases affect livelihoods via their impact
on animal health, reduced production &
mitigation measures.
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4. Introduction
• TADs such as FMD & CBPP are associated with
widespread transmission, prevention &
control of these diseases incur high costs.
• FMD is endemic in Asia, Middle East, parts of
South America & Africa.
• CBPP is endemic in Africa & is widespread in
West, Central & Eastern Africa.
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5. FMD World Map
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6. CBPP World Map
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11. Introduction
• FMD reduces milk yields, increases probability of
mastitis, abortions, perinatal mortality, lameness, loss
of body weight, causes premature culling of cattle.
• CBPP causes production losses, increases production
costs via increased disease control costs, compromises
food security thru loss of proteins & draft power,
disrupts LLPs trade, causes high morbidity & mortality
losses especially in newly affected areas among
susceptible herds.
• CBPP causes high productivity losses accompanied by
significant financial losses.
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12. Introduction
• FMD & CBPP influence the level of sales of LLPs.
• Understanding the financial losses associated
with FMD & CBPP outbreaks facilitates estimation
of economic costs of these diseases.
• FMD costs include vaccination costs, salvage,
disposal, cleaning, disinfecting, labor, equipment,
changes in market prices etc.
• CBPP costs include vaccination & treatment costs,
mortality losses
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13. Introduction
• The study determined the financial losses
associated with FMD & CBPP outbreaks in
selected case study cattle herds in Isingiro &
Nakasongola districts respectively.
• This information is needed to motivate cattle
farmers to comply with the prevention & control
measures for these diseases that are
implemented by MAAIF.
• Control & prevention helps to control costs of
production which is necessary if farmers are to
achieve more efficient livestock production.
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15. Materials and Methods
• Case studies were done in Mbaare S/c, Isingiro
district & Nabiswera S/c, Nakasongola district
to estimate the financial losses & economic
costs associated with FMD & CBPP outbreaks
respectively.
• Mbaare, Isingiro was typically affected by FMD
& Nabiswera, Nakasongola, had experienced a
CBPP Outbreak 3months before the study.
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16. Estimation of the financial losses associated with FMD
& CBPP outbreaks at farm level
• FMD case studies were done in 17 herds that had
experienced FMD outbreaks in Mbaare S/c i.e. 3, 9 & 5
herds were selected to represent small, medium &
large herds.
• CBPP case studies were done in 11herds that had
experienced CBPP in Nabiswera i.e. 4, 3 & 4 herds were
selected to represent small, medium & large herds.
• Small, medium & large herds refer to herd sizes of 10-
50, 51-150 & 151-350 heads of cattle respectively.
• Financial losses in the case study herds were estimated
by modeling the behavior of these diseases in selected
case study herds.
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17. Determination of economic cost of FMD & CBPP
outbreaks among case study herds
• Economic cost was analyzed using the conceptual
model (Figure 1).
• Economic cost was considered the sum of costs due to:
• Control of FMD in herds (vaccination & Rx)
• Weight loss & mortality related losses
• Abortion related losses
• Milk production losses
• Manure related losses
• Traction related losses
• Reduced crop production & increased cost of crop pdn
• Salvage live sale loss during the outbreak
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The economic cost due to FMD and CBPP outbreaks on cattle production was analyzed using the conceptual model (see Figure 1).
Farmer, cattle marketing losses Local government revenue
losses
Herd losses Cattle marketing
losses
Salvage sale
losses
Manure
losses
FMD/CBPP vaccination /
treatment costs
No sales
Mortality losses
Weight losses
Abortion losses
Milk losses

19. Determination of economic cost…
• Impact of FMD & CBPP
on farmers was
considered in terms of
reduced cattle
productivity i.e. reduced
milk yield, age specific
mortalities, weight loss &
abortions
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20. Results: Distribution of case study households
according to herd size in Isingiro district (Table 1)
• FMD case study herds &
reported FMD prevalence
in Mbaare S/c were
distributed as shown in
Table 1.
• There was a very highly
negative correlation of
reported FMD prevalence
(%) with the cattle herd
size (= -0.832, p ˂ 0.001),
see Table 1 & Figure 2
Herd Size Average
herd size
Number
of herds
Reported
FMD
Prevalence
%
Small 12 3 100
Medium 85 9 37.6
Large 260 5 13.2
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21. Results & Discussion
FMD Prevalence in Isingiro district
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22. Results & Discussion
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• FMD prevalence was
highest in small herds &
decreased as the herd size
increased
• This is probably due to
closer contact between
cattle in smaller herds
which facilitates
transmission.
• Or farmers with large herds
can afford to fence their
farms & construct water
dams on the farms hence
the low prevalence in large
herds

23. Results & Discussion
• Average reported herd prevalence
for FMD was 23.6% which is
comparable to that found by
Mannan et al., 2009 in Bangladesh.
• Herd age prevalence was high for all
age groups in small herds.
• FMD prevalence for calves in
medium & large herds was lower
than that of heifers & cows which is
in agreement with Mannan et al.,
2009 who found a higher
prevalence (34.1%) in adult cattle
compared to heifers (23.4%) &
calves (9.7%).
• These results defer from other
studies (Perry et al., 2003, Rufael et
al., 2008) that found a higher FMD
prevalence in calves than adults.
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24. Results & Discussion
• FMD prevalence was
highest in small herds&
decreased as the herd size
increased.
• This is probably due to
closer contact between
cattle in smaller herds
which facilitates
transmission.
• Or farmers with large herds
can afford to fence their
farms & construct water
dams on the farms hence
the low prevalence in large
herds
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25. Results & Discussion –FMD control costs in US
Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro (Table 2)
Item Small
herd
Medium
herd
Large
herd
Total
treatme
nt costs
298 635 655
Vaccinat
ion costs
6 34 103
Veterina
ry costs
8 8 8
Total
FMD
control
costs
312 677 766
FMD
control
cost per
head of
26 8 3
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26. Results & Discussion – Economic cost of FMD in
US Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro
• The FMD control cost per head of cattle was
highest in small herds compared to medium &
large herds.
• It is much more expensive for smallholder
farmers to control FMD, & it dis-
proportionately affects the poor smallholder
farmers which is in agreement with Perry et
al., 2003.
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27. Results & Discussion – Economic cost of FMD in
US Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro
• During FMD outbreaks, more farmers with
small & medium herds made losses because
they were compelled to sale cattle at salvage
prices due to lack of alternative income
sources to pay for vaccination/ drugs.
• Large herds farmers suffered higher milk
losses during FMD outbreaks due to reduced
milk production, loss of milk sales than either
small or medium herds.
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28. The economic losses or costs (USD) associated with
FMD in case study herds in Isingiro per annum
(Table 3)
Item Small
herds
Medium
herds
Large
herds
Mortalit
y
595 298 0
Salvage
sale loss
198 1571 0
Milk loss 371 874 3708
Treatme
nt
298 635 655
Vaccinat
ion
6 34 103
Veterina
ry costs
8 8 8
Total 1476 3419 4474
Annual
economi
123 41 17
• The annual economic losses
associated with FMD per head
of cattle was highest in small
herds (Table 3) which portrays
a trend similar to FMD control
costs presented in Table 2
• This confirms that FMD dis-
proportionately affects the
poor smallholder farmers
more than the better off large
farmers
• Highest economic cost of FMD
in case study herds was due
to; mortality in small herds,
salvage sale losses in medium
herds & milk loss in large
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29. CBPP Economic costs
Average herd cost of prophylactic treatment of CBPP
infected herds with tylosin in Nakasongola district
(Table 4
Cattle
age
category
Small
herd
Medium
herd
Large
herd
Bulls 238 524 1857
Cows 1524 3952 8238
Heifers 905 2476 2000
Steers 95 1000 429
Calves 667 2190 1762
Total 3429 10143 14286
Average vaccination costs in USD for all herds (Table 5)
Cattle
age
category
Small
herd
Medium
herd
Large
herd
Bulls 1 2 8
Cows 6 16 34
Heifers 4 10 8
Steers 0.4 4 2
Calves 3 9 7
Total 14 42 60
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30. CBPP Economic costs
• Average prohylactic treatment with tylosin per
head of cattle infected with CBPP cost $48
• Vaccination was only done during outbreaks &
it cost $0.2 + vet fee of $8
• Average Prophylactic treatment & vaccination
costs were highest in large herds.
• The cost of tylosin is much higher than the
cost of vaccination
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31. CBPP Economic costs
• Economic costs associated with CBPP were
mainly due to mortality & treatment costs.
• Average economic cost of CBPP per head was
more twice as high as in the small & medium
herds.
• Mortality losses contributed highest to the
total economic cost due to CBPP for all herds
i.e. small, medium & large.
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32. Conclusions & Recommendations
• Overall, treatment costs were higher than
vaccination costs.
• FMD & CBPP disproportionately affect the poor
stallholder farmers more than large farmers.
• Farmers should invest more in vaccination rather
than wait to incur higher costs in treatment
during outbreaks.
• GOU should retain responsibility for controlling &
preventing these diseases since the most affected
are the poor who cannot afford without
government support.
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33. Acknowledgements
• DAAD / ILRI for funding the first phase of this
research.
• Carnegie & Makerere University for funding
the rest of this research.
• Co-authors & supervisors for their guidance
and input.
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34. THANK U FOR LISTENING
• DANKE SCHÖNE
• ASANTENI SANA
• MWEBALE INNO
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