This power point provides basic information about minerals management in dairy cattle with reference to latest information available in literature and practical application

1. Minerals Management in Dairy
Cattle
Muhammad Naveed ul Haque
MS Animal Production Agrocampus Ouest
PhD Dairy Nutrition INRA France
Certified Dairy Herd Management MSU-USA
Assistant Professor Animal Nutrition
University of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Lahore, Pakistan
Alltech Dairy Development Program
3rd August 2016

2. Contents
1. Minerals and their classification
2. Importance with reference to dairy cattle
3. Mineral deficiencies in typical diets of cattle
4. Sources of Minerals
5. Mineral Requirements and Considerations
5A- Trace Mineral Requirements
5B- Macro Mineral Requirements
5C- Anionic Salts supplementation in Close-up cows
6. Methods of Feeding Mineral Premix
7. Cost Analysis of Mineral Management in Context
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3. 1-Minerals Classification
Macro Minerals:
required in gram quantities
• Calcium, Phosphorus,
sodium, chlorine, potassium,
magnesium, and sulfur.
Micro Minerals
required in milligram
• Cobalt, copper, iodine, iron,
manganese, molybdenum,
selenium, zinc, chromium.
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4. 2a- Macro Minerals: Importance
Mineral Role Deficiency
Ca Bones, teeth, nerves, muscles, blood clotting,
body enzyme, milk
Rickets, osteoperosis, milk
fever
P Bone, milk, muscle, energy transfer Rickets, pica, low DMI,
poor fertility
K Osmotic pressure, nerve impulses, muscle
contraction, transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide, acid-base balance, body reactions
involving enzymes
Low DMI, skin coat shine
loss, Pica
Mg bone growth and maintenance, the nervous
system, and body enzymes
Grass tentany
S amino acids, B vitamins like biotin and thiamin Microbial protein synthesis
Na osmotic pressure regulation, acid-base balance,
body fluid balance, nutrient transport
Craving, pica, acid base
balance
Cl body metabolism, transport of nutrients, acid-
base balance
Acid base balance, acidosis
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5. Mineral Role Deficiency
Fe Hemoglobin, immune function Anemia
Mn Bone and cartilage Silent heat, skeletal abnromality
Zn metabolism, reproduction, immune
function, hoof integrity
Reduced growth, DMI, dermatitis
Co Vitamin B12 Poor appetite, muscular
weakness
Cu Hair pigment, Electron transport,
bone and tissue development,
hemoglobin, immune function
Reduced growth, changes in
color, dermititis
I Thyroid hormones Goiter, reduced fertility
Se Glutathione peroxidase, which
functions to reduce oxidative stress
and cellular damage
WMD, Retained placenta, low
fertility
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2b- Micro Minerals: Importance

6. 3- Mineral in Feedstuffs.
• Minerals are supplied through diet in a limited, variable quantity
Mineral Unit Corn Silage Alfalfa Hay Soybean Meal
Ca % DM 0.2 1.32 0.4
P % DM 0.1 0.28 0.71
Mg % DM 0.4 0.28 0.31
K % DM 1.43 2.45 2.22
S % DM 0.17 0.27 0.48
Na % DM 0.03 0.1 0.03
Cl % DM 0.23 0.48 0.05
Fe mg/kg 200 350 148
Zn mg/kg 21 24 61
Cu mg/kg 5 11 22
Mn mg/kg 34 24 41
Se mg/kg 0.0 0.2 0.11
Co mg/kg 0.0 0.7 0.07
I mg/kg 0.0 0.2 0.0
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7. Fe and Mn are
>300% of required
3- Minerals Supplies through typical diets in Pakistan
Diet supporting 40 kg of milk production without mineral
premix
% of Requirements
Ingredients
Corn Silage
CornGrain
SoybeanMeal
Alfalfahay
Canola Meal
Fats (99%)
Sugarcane
molasses
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8. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
I Na Se Cl Zn Cu P Ca Co K Mg S
% of Requirements
Diet supporting 40 kg of milk production without mineral
premix: Cow producing 15 kg of milk
What about cost?
What about interactions between minerals?
3- Minerals Supplies through typical diets in Pakistan
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9. 4- Sources of Minerals
• Inorganic : Sulphates, Oxides,
Chlorides, Carbonates
• Interact with fibre, phytate, tannin,
oxalate, silicates etc… in GIT and
reduce their absorption
• Low bioavailability AC of Cu from
CuSO4= 0.05
• Organic /Chelates: Trace Minerals
bind with chelated agent like
aminoacids or hydrolysed protein
• Protected from interaction in GIT
• High bioavailability. AC of organic
Cu = 0.10
Types
Metal AA complexes/chelates,
Metal proteinates, propionates,
Yeast derivates (Selenium)
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10. 4- Effect of Organic trace mineral vs. Inorganic
250 cows, supplied 360 mg of Zn, 200 mg of Mn, 125 mg of Cu, and 12 mg of Co
from either sulfate sources (Sulfates) or organic trace mineral
Study duration: 3 wk pre-partum to 35 week post partum
Siciliano-Jones et al., Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 91 No. 5, 2008
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CTM cows generated a revenue
125 cows x 1 kg Milk x 50Rs/kg x 35 wk x 7d = 1.53 million Rs
Compared to inorganic group

11. 5A- Mineral Requirements: Trace Minerals
The amount that must be absorbed daily to keep the
- cow healthy
- maintain and optimize milk production
- allow for efficient reproductive performance
- maintain proper body stores of the mineral
Most requirements are based on enzymetic activity and not
directly of that trace mineral
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12. 1. Milk is insensitive for short term duration
2. Changes in body store is difficult (e.g. copper in liver)
3. Large no of cows are required to determine changes in health
and reproduction
4. Absorption coefficient
5. Common dietary conditions can vary (e.g. water with high
sulfur can reduces Se and Cu absorption)
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5A- Trace Minerals: Limitations

13. 1. Consider total absorbed mineral (basal diet +
supplementation). Low AC of basal ingredients makes no
reason to discount them.
2. Discount trace mineral concentration with high Ash (source
contaminated with soil)
3. Use organic/speciality trace minerals (high bioavailbility).
4. Don’t use high Se
5. Use 1.2x safety factor in trace minerals
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5A- Trace Minerals: Recommendations

14. Trace Mineral
NRC
Requirement1 Safety Factor2
Comment
Iodine 0.44 ppm 1 X No new data justifying need for a safety factor.
Selenium 0.3 ppm 1 X FDA regulations prohibit greater supplementation rates.
Cobalt 0.11 ppm 2 to 4 X NRC recommendations may not maximize vitamin B-12
status.
Copper 10-12 ppm 1.2 to 3 X Fed to reduce the risk of deficiency . The safety factor
must be increased as dietary (includes minerals from
water) sulfur and Mo concentrations increase about 0.25%
and 1 ppm, respectively. Cu should not exceed 3 X NRC.
Zinc 43 to 50 ppm 1.2 X 1.2 X NRC should be fed to reduce the risk of deficiency
because of uncertainty in supply and requirements.
Manganese 12 to 18 ppm 2.5 to 3.5 X Studies have shown that NRC level is not adequate; studies
suggest that 35 to 50 ppm is adequate.
Iron 15 to 18 ppm 1 to 1.2 X No evidence that NRC level is not adequate; most basal
diets contain more than adequate Fe.
Chromium Nest NA May increase milk yield in early lactation at ~0.5 ppm.
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5A- Trace Minerals: Recommendations

15. 5B- Macro Mineral Requirements
Mineral Requirement
% of DM
Comment
Calcium 0.66% Ca:P ratio, P and Vit D supplies
Phosphorous 0.32-0.38% Reproduction at high P.
Sodium 0.22% Increase in heat stress for Na to avoid metabolic
acidosis induced due to high Cl levels
Chlorine 0.28% Maximum tolerable
Potassium 1.06% Often high in diets. Useful in heat stress, Negative
interaction with Magnesium
Magnesium 0.2% to 0.35% of
DM
Sodium bicarbonate to MgO ratio 3:1
Sulfur 0.2% of DM
10:1 Dietary
Nitrogen to Sulfur
ratio
High Sulfur interferes with Selenium and Copper.
Mostly occurs in areas where water contains sulfur
greater than 1100 ppm
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Analyte Adequate Range Concern Levels
Calcium* 8.7 - 11.0 mg/dL < 8 mg/dL
Phosphorus 4.5 - 8.0 mg/dL < 3.5 mg/dL
Magnesium* 2.0 - 3.5 mg/dL <1.5 mg/dL
Sodium* 137 - 148 mEq/L < 137 mEq/L
Potassium* 3.8 - 5.2 mEq/L < 3.0 or > 5.5 mEq/L
Copper 0.6 - 1.5 mg/mL <0.45 or > 4 mg/ml
Iron 130 - 250 mg/dL < 130 or > 1800 mg/dL
Zinc 0.8 - 1.4 mg/ml < 0.5 or > 3 mg/ml
Selenium, serum 70 - 100 ng/ml < 35 or > 800 ng/ml
Selenium, whole blood 120 - 250 ng/ml <50 or > 1900 ng/ml
Serum Vitamin A* 225 - 500 ng/ml < 150 ng/ml
Serum Vitamin E* 3 - 10 ug/mL < 3.0 ug/ml
Vitamin E:Cholesterol Ratio 2.5:6.0 <1.5
Adequate vs Concern levels of Minerals in Serum of Dairy Cattle

17. 5C- Anion supplementation to prevent
hypocalcimea in close-up cows
Milk fever/hypocalcimea results due to failure of cow to
maintain normal blood Ca (<2.5 g in blood). Around
calving colostrum formation draws a large quantity of
Ca 20 to 40 g in a short duration of time.
Hypocalcaemea results into economic losses in high
producing cows.
Decreasing the blood pH in the close-up period can help
increasing the PTH activity that regulate the Ca
resorption from bones.
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18. 5C- DCAD concept
• Blood pH should be decreased through provision of more anions
than cations
(Na+ + k+) - (Cl- + SO4
-2)
Assesment tool = Urinary acid base status through pH
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Cations in a solution equals the anions to maintain an electrical neutrality
If cations are higher than anions pH of the solution will increase (DCAD +)
inversiily, if anions of a solution increases pH will decrease (DCAD -)

19. 5C- Recommended DCAD level in Close-up
diet (expressed in meq/100 gDM
++ + - --
DCAD balance 27.6 11.9 -6.4 -25.3
Urine pH 8.38 7.65 6.42 6.04
DMI Normal Normal Normal Low
Giesy et al
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20. 5C- Formulating –DCAD diet
1. Select feed ingredient with low Na and K.
2. Pre-test the pH of dry cow
3. Use an anionic commercial mix (normally to achieve -10 to 0
meq/100)
4. Mix Anionic commercial mix with concentrate or grain or any
carrier (wheat bran).
5. Start feeding for 7 days and then check the drop in urinary
pH (our target pH should be between 6.2 to 6.4). If achieved
stay with the dose, otherwise re-adjust
6. Continue using trace mineral premix with vitamin seperately
7. Sodium chloride can be used.
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21. 6- Methods of Feeding Minerals
1. Force Feeding.
-Minerals are presented in mixed form (e.g. TMR)
-This method eliminates palatability problems, daily and cow-to-
cow variation in intake, and over-consumption of minerals.
Requires proper formulation
-use of a grain carrier.
Precaution: Avoid using moist forage alone as a mineral carrier
because forage intake (and hence mineral intake) decreases as
milk production and grain intake increases.
2. Free Choice. This method is not as accurate as force feeding, and
only trace mineralized salt should be fed free choice in most
instances. Cows may choose a supplement because of true
appetite, learned appetite, or simple preference due to flavor,
odor, and particle size.
3. Topdressing. Not recommended with exception of early lactation
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22. 7- Cost Analysis: High Producing cow
Concentrate
68%
Additives
5%
Forages
27%
SodiumBicarbonate 27%
Mineral Premix 21%
Vitamin Premix 8%
Other additives 44%
SoybeanMeal 56%
Canola Meal 14%
Fats (99%) 10%
MolassesCane 1%
CornGrain 19%
Corn Silage 74%
Alfalfa Hay 26%
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23. 23
Vă mulțumesc pentru atenție
Thank you for your attention
Merci pour votre attention
Department of Animal Nutrition
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore