English Second language notes

1. Chairman Mao Zedong High
School
ENGLISH 2nd LANGUAGE
Parts of Speech
By: Mr Fillipus Lineekela

2. Exit Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit you should be able to:
•know the use of various parts of speech;
•Construct sentences using different parts of
speech;
•identify nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs and
adjectives in given sentences;
•use adjectives to describe a noun/or adverbs to
describe verbs and other phrase.

3. THE NOUN
1a. A noun is a word used to name a
person, place, thing, or idea.
Nouns may be classified in three ways
•Proper OR common noun
•Abstract OR concrete noun
•Collective noun

4. PROPER NOUN
•A Proper noun is the name of a particular
person, place, or thing
•Proper nouns are Capitalized
•Example: Lagos
Elizabeth
State House

5. COMMON NOUN
• A common noun is a noun that does not name a
particular person, place, or thing .
• Common nouns are not capitalized
• Example: woman
city
building

6. ABSTRACT NOUN
• An abstract noun names a quality, characteristic, and
idea.
• Example: beauty
strength
love
courage

7. CONCRETE NOUN
• A concrete noun names an object that can be
perceived by the senses.
• Example: hat
desk
book
box

8. COLLECTIVE NOUN
• A collective noun names a group
• Example: crowd
team
class
NOTE: A compound noun is a noun of more than one
word.

9. THE PRONOUN
1b. A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more
nouns.
EXAMPLE 1
Anglers complained about the weather forecast. They

10. The pronoun continue…….
EXAMPLE 2
A car and a truck collided near the school. They ran over the lawn.
(The pronoun they takes the place of two nouns, car and truck).
NOTE: Sometimes the pronouns takes the place of another pronouns.
Example: One of our planes is missing. It was last heard from over
four hours ago.
(The pronoun it takes the place of the pronoun one).

11. The word to which a pronoun refers(whose place it takes) is
the antecedent of the pronoun. In the preceding example of
one is the antecedent of it.

12. KINDS OF PRONOUNS
• Personal Pronouns
• Possessive Pronouns
• Reflexive Pronouns
• Intensive Pronouns
• Relative Pronouns
• Interrogative Pronouns
• Demonstrative Pronouns

13. PERSONAL PRONOUN
Personal Pronoun
• I, me
• he, him
• it
• they, them
• she, he
• you
• we, us
Possessive Forms
• my, mine
• his
• its
• their, theirs
• her, hers
• Your, yours
• Our, ours

14. REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
• Personal pronouns combined with-self, -selves may be
used in two ways:
1. They may be used reflexively
Example: Nasira hurt herself.
2.They maybe used intensively for emphasis
Example: Nasira herself was not hurt.

15. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
who which whose whom that
• Relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses
EXAMPLE: The people who will live there are on vacation.
They copy that I read I read was from the library.
Do you know that woman whose car was stolen?

16. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
who which whose
whom what
• Interrogative pronouns are used in questions.
EXAMPLE: Who lives in that house now?
What was the name of the book?

17. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
This these that those
• Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out
persons or things.
EXAMPLE: That is the one.
This seems to be my lucky day.

18. Most Commonly Used Indefinite Pronouns
All each most other another either
neither several any everybody
nobody some anybody everyone
Everyone none somebody
anyone few no one
Someone both many one such

19. …………
• Pronouns that do not fall into the classification
above are called indefinite pronouns.
• Most idefinite pronouns express the idea of quality:
• EXAMPLE: All of us are here.
Few of the cars were new.

20. THE ADJECTIVE
1c. An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a
pronoun.
To modify means “to limit,”
Or to make more definite the meaning of a word.

21. The adjective continue……
Adjectives may modify nouns or pronouns in any one of the
three ways.
1. By telling what kind:
EXAMPLE: blue eyes, large city, strong wind
2. By pointing out which one:
EXAMPLE: this woman, that suggestion
3.By telling how many:
EXAMPLE: several reasons, ten players

22. The adjective continue…………..
• The normal position of an adjective is directly before
the word it modifies.
• Occasionally, for stylistic reasons, a writer may use
adjectives after the word the modify.
EXAMPLE: The night, cold and foggy, drove us indoors.

23. THE VERB
1d. A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps
to make a statement.
• All verbs help to make statements
• Some help to make statement by expressing action.
• The action expressed may be physical
EXAMPLE: hit, play, blow, and run
• The action expressed may be mental
EXAMPLE: think, know, imagine believe.

24. THE ADVERB
1e. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
• The adverb is used most commonly as the modifier of
a verb.
• It may tell how, when, where, or to what extent(how
often or how much) the action of the verb is done.

25. The adverb continue………….
EXAMPLE:
a) She drives carefully. [Carefully tells how she drives.]
b) She drives early and late. [Early and late tells when she
drives.]
c) She can almost drive. [Almost tells to what extent she
drives]
d) She drives daily. [Daily tells how often she drives.]

26. The adverb continue………
• Some adverbs -really, actually, truly, indeed, etc. -are use
mostly for emphasis.
EXAMPLE:
Saara can really cook. [Really emphasizes the high quality of
Saara’s cooking]
He actually drive. [Actually emphasizes the fact that he is
able to drive, which apparently is surprising to the speaker.]
She indeed a fine player. [Indeed emphasizes the fact that
she is a fine player.]

27. The adverb continue..........
• An adverb may modify an object.
EXAMPLE
She is a really a good driver. [Really modifies the adjective
good, telling how good or to what extent she is good at
driving.]
• An adverb may modify another adverb.
EXAMPLE
He behaved very well. [The adverb very modifies the adverb
well, telling how well he is at behaving.]

28. SUMMARY
NOUN names man, Windhoek, wealth
PRONOUN Takes the place of a noun You, we, herself, them, she
ADJECTIVE Modifies a noun or pronoun Red, large, two
VERB Shows action or helps to make a
statement
Well, carefully, everywhere

29. The End