Structure class is a part of speech class . It has the following characteristics : structure class is recognized in position , structure classes are small in members , and Structure classes are closed classes and rarely admits new members.

1. Parts of speech :
Structure – Classes

2. Structure Classes
Structure class is a part of speech class
. It has the characteristics :
1- Members of a structure class are recognized
in position and have nothing common in form.
2- All structure classes are small in members ,
excepting prepositions .
3- Structure classes are closed classes and rarely
admits new members.

3. Qualifiers
The qualifier occurs in the position just
before an adjectival or an adverbial. The
function of the qualifier is modifying the
following word by limiting it or by enhancing it ,
for example:
- The dinner was ………… good.

4. The dinner was …very… good.
The dinner was ….sometimes… good.
The dinner was …rather… good.
The dinner was …always.. good.
The dinner was …so.. good.

5. Examples
• That is very kind of you.
• It is too hot in this classroom.
• You played quite acceptably in the second half.
• Marion was somewhat unhappy.
• A rather shy boy was trying to dance.

6. Note
Sometimes noun phrases and
idiomatic expressions are used in the position
before adjectivals and adverbials , such as :
a lot kind of
a great deal sort of
a little a bit ( of )

7. Prepositions
A preposition is a word or group of
words used before a noun , pronoun , or noun
phrase to show direction, time, place , and
location.

8. Prepositions
A preposition is a word or group of
words used before a noun , pronoun , or noun
phrase to show direction, time, place , and location.
For example :
Layla sat between the two girls.
Layla jumped on it.
Layla went from this to that.

9. Prepositions or adverbials
Words that are
sometimes prepositions can act as adverbs. A
preposition requires an object. An adverb does not.
For example:
She looked up the stairs. She looked up.
noun
preposition adverb

10. Determiners
• A determiner is a word placed in front
of a noun to specify quantity (e.g., "one dog,"
"many dogs") or to clarify what the noun refers to (e.g.,
"my dog," "that dog," "the dog"). All determiners can
be classified as one of the following:
• An Article (a/an, the)
• A Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)
• A Possessive (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) + nouns
• A Quantifier ( many, much, more, most, some)

11. The absence of a determiner to signal a
following noun will sometimes produce ambiguity as in:
Union demands increase. ( how to interpret increase )
noun or verb
Union demands will increase. Union demands an
increase.
S V
O

12. Six of these determiners ( his ,
this , that , these , those , John’s ( any possessive of
name ) ) can be used in place of a noun – that is , as
noun substitutes. For example :
That will be enough.
I prefer Elizabeth’s. I prefer 1990’s.
What can one do with old cars like these?

13. Auxiliaries
Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used
together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to
form a negative or question.
Auxiliaries can be in three kinds .
The first kind is called model auxiliaries. They are
followed by base verb. There are ten model auxiliaries :
Present Past Present Past
Can could may might
Will would must ( had to )
Shall should ought ( to ) ( ought to /
should have )

14. The second kind of auxiliary is the Primary
auxiliary. The two primary auxiliaries are ( have ) and ( be
) :
Stem have be
Present tense has / have am / is / are
Present participle having being
Past tense had was / were
Past Participle had been

15. The third kind of auxiliary is the
periphrastic auxiliary. Verb ( do ) represents this kind.
Verb ( do ) can be used in questions and
it carries the tense of the sentence and provides the
inversion that signals a question. In negative , it
carries the tense of the sentence and ( not ) it
attached to the it as in :
John studied. John didn’t study. Did John
Study?
John studies. John doesn’t study. Does
John study?