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- 1. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defending a Stand
- 2. English for Academic and Professional Purposes – Senior High School Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defending a Stand First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Region XI Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Panabo City Division Office Address: City Hall Drive, Brgy. JP Laurel, Km. 31 Panabo City, Davao del Norte Telefax: (084) 823-1469, (084) 628-4066 E-mail Address: panabocity.division@deped.gov.ph Development Team of the Module Writers: Norman L. Gabańete Editors: Jeanne Bajao and Liezel Solicar Reviewers: Janice A. Fernandez, Christopher U. Gonzales, Divilyn M. Rodriguez Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz Technical Support: Rosalie D. Panlaan Management Team: Evelyn R. Fetalvero Reynante A. Solitario Mary Jeanne B. Aldeguer Janwario E. Yamota Analiza C. Almazan Djhoane C. Aguilar Manuel P. Vallejo Maria Perpetua Angelita G. Suelto
- 3. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defending a Stand
- 4. ii Introductory Message For the facilitator: As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module. As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the following: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities. 3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
- 5. 1 Let Us Learn This module in English for Academic and Professional Purposes aims to enhance your communication skills particularly in writing academic and professional compositions. It is also designed to develop your ability to utilize appropriate language in defending a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidence. (CS_EN11/12A-EAPPIIa-d-4). Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you shall be able to: 1. identify issues and take a stand; 2. defend a stand on an issue based on reasonable arguments and factual evidences.
- 6. 2 Let Us Try Activity 1: My Guts! Now, test yourself through the questions below. This is a non-graded assessment that can be used to determine your previous knowledge on this topic. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of the correct answers in your notebook. 1. The type of argument claim that tells to be the truth. a. cause and effect b. authenticity c. definition d. policy 2. This type of argument claims tells the exact information. a. policy b. cause and effect c. definition d. value 3. Making _____________ is the ability to think, understand, or form judgments by a logical process. a. reasonable arguments b. factual evidences c. issues d. documents 4. This is an evidence that tends to prove a factual matter by proving other events or circumstances from which the occurrence of the matter at issue can be reasonably inferred compare direct evidence in this entry clear and convincing evidence. a. reasonable arguments b. factual evidences c. issue d. documents 5. It is an important topic or problem for debate or discussion. a. documents b. factual evidences c. issue d. reasonable arguments
- 7. 3 6. In setting up factual evidences, where can we find the topic sentence in the paragraph or section of an essay? a. beginning sentence b. middle sentence c. last sentence d. all of the above 7. This type of argument claim tells the situation, How did it happen? What is the possible cause? What are its effects? a. Policy b. Cause and effect c. Definition d. Value 8. This type of argument claim tells the situation, What should be done to tackle the issue? What laws should be enforced? What changes need to be made? a. Policy b. Cause and effect c. Definition d. Value 9. To introduce evidence in an essay, you should start by establishing a claim or idea into in the ______ of the paragraph? a. first sentence b. second sentence c. third sentence d. last sentence 10.The purpose of an argument is to present a position and to have an audience adopt or at least seriously consider your _____________. a. debate b. argument c. ideas d. concerns 11._____________ may be a quote from a source, a paraphrase from a reference, or a visual source like a chart or graph. Use it to help to support key points in your essay. a. Evidence b. Proof c. Concerns d. Issues
- 8. 4 12. Always analyze the evidence once you have presented it so the reader understands its ___________. a. story b. proof c. value d. ideas 13. Some writers try to engage the audience by offering compelling statistics, an intriguing story, or a _________. a. simple paragraph b. rhetorical question c. convincing style d. good ideas 14.The idea or theme should reflect a key idea in the evidence you are using. This approach may be a good option if you are writing a paper that is ____________. a. conclusive b. subjective and informative c. explorative, rather than argumentative d. intriguing 15.Once you have selected your topic, you must give considerable thought to developing your claim. If not all then include some of them in your ___________. a. subjective paragraph b. argumentative essay c. conclusive information d. intriguing story
- 9. 5 Let Us Study You have been asked to write a paper that advances and supports an idea or conclusion you have reached. Whenever you have done the reading, identify the main point you want to make about a topic. Now, let us study some keywords that can help us in defending a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences. Keywords: Reasonable argument – able to think, understand, or form judgments by a logical process. Factual Evidence – evidence that tends to prove a factual matter by proving other events or circumstances from which the occurrence of the matter can be sensibly gathered with a direct proof and evidence. Issue – an important topic or problem for debate or discussion. How do you write a stand with reasonable argument? Let us first know the type of argument claims. Five Types of Argument Claims Once you have selected your topic, you must give considerable thought to developing your claim. There are five different types of claims. If not all then include some of them in your argumentative essay. 1. Authenticity Whether your claim is a fact or not. Is it true, will it occur or not? 2. Definition What exactly is it? How can we define it? How to interpret it? How to classify it?
- 10. 6 3. Value The importance of the issue. Is it worthy or not? How critical is it to address this issue? 4. Cause and Effect How did it happen? What is the possible cause? What are its effects? 5. Policy What should be done to tackle the issue? What laws should be enforced? What changes need to be made? https://www.5staressays.com/blog/argumentative-essay-writing How to write a stand with factual evidences Setting up the Evidence Evidence may be a quote from a source, a paraphrase from a reference, or a visual source like a chart or graph. Use it to help to support key points in your essay. When well-integrated into your argument, your use of evidence helps prove that you have done your research and thought critically about your topic. To introduce evidence in an essay, start by establishing a claim or idea in the first sentence of the paragraph, then present the evidence to support your claim. Always analyze the evidence once you have presented it so the reader understands its value. 1. Set up the evidence in the first sentence of the paragraph. The first sentence in the paragraph or section of your essay is called the topic sentence. It should let the reader know what is going to be discussed in the paragraph or section. If the paragraph is one of many in the body of your essay, the topic sentence should also link to the preceding section so the transition to a new section is smooth. Example: When “Tess of D’Urbervilles” was published in 1891.It was released in several version.
- 11. 7 Note: The underline word set up the evidence in the first sentence of the paragraph. 1. Introduce an argument or assertion. Tell the reader what you think about your main topic or idea. Make an argument or assertion about the topic of your essay. The argument should connect to the evidence you are going to present. For example, you may make an argument like, “Desire is a complicated, confusing emotion that causes pain to others.” Or you may make an assertion like, “The treatment of addiction must consider root cause issues like mental health and poor living conditions.” 2. Discuss a specific idea or theme for a less direct approach. Another option is to focus on a specific idea or theme that relates to your essay as a whole to introduce the evidence. The idea or theme should reflect a key idea in the evidence you are using. This approach may be a good option if you are writing a paper that is explorative, rather than argumentative. For example, you may write, “The novel explores the theme of adolescent love and desire.” Or you may write, “Many studies show that addiction is a mental health issue.”
- 12. 8 How to stand on an issue Know Where You Stand Factors to Consider About the Issue Example To be certain about what someone thinks or feels about you: He didn’t even send me a birthday card, so I guess I know where I stand. To be certain about what your position and responsibilities are in a situation: In the old days, the editor was completely in control, and we all knew where we stood. Source: https://www.bing.com/search?q=reasonable+argumentfinition&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=- 1&pq=reasonable+argumentfinition&sc=1- 27&sk=&cvid=1C4D9B3FEF5A40C2A2EB8470D7E8C27A The purpose of argument writing is to present a position and to have an audience adopt or at least seriously consider your argument. Good argument writing is critical, assertion-with proof-writing. It should reflect a serious attempt on the writer’s part to have considered the issue from all angles—to have analyzed and synthesized all arguments on the subject, and having done so, chosen the most logical and reasoned position. It is imperative that you do not insult or judge your reader by suggesting that he/she is somehow less intelligent or knowledgeable if he/she does not accept your position. Avoid making absolute statements that could somehow exclude your particular reader (“Anyone with even a high school education must believe”). Try to anticipate your audience’s objections to your position. Acknowledge these opposing arguments and, if you can, refute them. Some writers try to engage the audience by offering compelling statistics, an intriguing story, or a rhetorical question. These are excellent tools to draw the reader into the argument, but do not over-rely on gimmicks to engage the audience. Your job is not to ask many rhetorical questions; your job is to anticipate and answer audience questions. Now, let me give you an issue based on properly cited factual evidence.
- 13. 9 Sample Thesis Paragraphs: Thousands of Americans suffer daily from depression and anxiety, and without some kind of help these illnesses can be unbearable. In 1987, Eli Lilly and Co. presented to Americans what they and many others believed to be a miracle drug, the antidepressant, fluoxetine, commonly called Prozac. Prozac was designed to be the optimal solution to mental distress. It was marketed as having less side effects than other antidepressants, and as being effective in treating patients suffering anything from anxiety to depression to bulimia, obsessive and compulsive disorders (“Singing” 76). From the beginning of its use, however, the drug has been surrounded by controversy. Many doctors and patients blame Prozac for terrible side effects and mind altering experiences. Violent behaviors, including murder and suicide, have been directly linked to Prozac use. Therefore, while the drug may be useful in isolated cases, overwhelming medical evidence suggests that Prozac is potentially dangerous to one’s mental and physical wellbeing, and should thus be banned from use in the mental health profession. In 1995, three Southern states reinstituted the use of chain gangs as part of their new prison reform systems. The reappearance of chain gangs in this country has rekindled strong objections from people who believe that this is a form of cruel and unusual punishment and that chaining human beings together violates the civil rights of our inmates. Advocates of the chain gang, however, believe that the American prison system is in dire need of reform. They argue that prisons are no longer places of punishment and reform, but are places where prisoners can receive free medical care, free college education, and even free cable television. Indeed, there is a strong case to be made that chain gangs, when executed humanely, will serve as a valuable deterrent to crime by making the prison experience more rigorous. Chain gangs may also play an important part in rehabilitating criminals by putting them to work and offering some kind of restitution to the community they victimized. Source: https://www.bing.com/search?q=factual+evidence+definition&form=EDGEAR&qs=HS&cvid= 04aa6a2afa944614935b993c82764fb2&cc=PH&setlang=en- US&DAF0=1&plvar=0&PC=POTS
- 14. 10 Let Us Practice Every now and then, you find the need to take a stand on an issue. How do you defend this stand? How do you convince others about the soundness of your position? ACTIVITY 2: Standing Strong! This activity will help you in defending and giving your stand about an issue or text. In most cases, writers choose words freely because language is arbitrary. Simple language has greater impact on the audience. You can use your dictionary or a thesaurus in writing a composition. The same idea that can be expressed through similar expressions. Directions: Read and understand the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Let us remember that the time when we are weak. You need to stand and fight for the battle against life. Be strong and courageous at all times. Question: What is your stand about Tennyson’s poem? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. “Made me weak by the time and fate But strong in will To strive, to seek, to find And not to yield.” Retrieved From: Page 125-126 The Case for Short Words (cited in EAPP Learners’ Material)
- 15. 11 Let Us Practice More Activity 3: Stick to the Issue! Directions: Below is a sample argumentative essay. In this essay, the writer tries to point out the issues presented by Rober Kuttner in his article, “The Other Side of Email”. In column A write the issues found in the essay and in Column B write your stand with reasonable arguments and factual evidences to support your stand. Write your answers in your notebook. Now, let us read the essay below and do the activity that follows. Electronic communication has become a part of every aspect of our society and is recognized as being one of the most important and influential aspects of the way we carry out business. The days of anxiously waiting by the mailbox for news from a long-distance relative or lover are over. We no longer send cute, labor-intensive, hand-written letters to relatives, and close ones. Instead, they are sent via e-mails. Email-type technology has made it much easier to contact other people in the same city, and even others around the world. In other words, instead of actually taking the time to write a letter to a friend through the mail, one can send an e-mail that takes about three seconds as opposed to three or more days. In the article “The Other Side of E-Mail,” author Robert Kuttner explains the other side of email and technology, the dark side. Kuttner says that although technology offers us many conveniences, such as being able to send and receive messages instantly, it brings along many drawbacks, such as privacy infringement.
- 16. 12 I agree with Kuttner’s thoughts on these downsides of technology. In my opinion, internet and email technology have definitively made our lives easier, but it has put our personal information at risk, significantly limited privacy, and leads to a waste of our time on a daily basis. Kuttner describes several negative effects of messaging technology. First one is that we might waste too much time in the E-mail and our privacy might be compromised. Social networking sites, like Facebook, have gotten users hooked on to the internet as if it were a drug. Almost every person I can think of has a Facebook account nowadays. A recent survey estimates that more than 85% of all college students use Facebook and more than 30 million users update their status at least once each day. Source: https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Other-Side-Of-Email-1246223.html Issues found from the text My Stand with Reasonable Arguments and Factual Evidences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- 17. 13 As far as we know electronic communication plays a great role in our life today. It offers us many conveniences. We send and receive messages in an instant. A recent survey estimates that more than 85% of all college students use Facebook and more than 30 million users update their status at least once each day. On the other hand, Robert Kuttner explains the other side of email and technology which brings along many drawbacks, such as privacy infringement.
- 18. 14 Let Us Remember Are you ready to move forward? Now let us evaluate how far you have come in this lesson. Let us answer the succeeding activities. You have learned the following important points in this lesson: Making reasonable argument is the ability to think, understand, or form judgments by a logical process. Factual evidences is evidence that tend to prove a factual matter by proving other events or circumstances from which the occurrence of the matter at issue can be reasonably inferred compare direct evidence in this entry clear and convincing evidence. Issue is an important topic or problem for debate or discussion.
- 19. 15 Let Us Assess Activity 4: Stand and Deliver. Directions: Write your stand on an issue stated below. Make your stand reasonable with factual evidences. You can even do to defend an issue for a future research if you like. Write your answers in your notebook. Now, intensify your knowledge on current issues of our country. First issue is about Covid 19 that brings fear to the people and the government. Second, the issue on PhilHealth that threatens the benefit of its members. Lastly, the health of President Rodrigo Duterte that awakens the people who support him. 1.Covid -19 Pandemic ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.Philhealth Corruption ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3.President Rodrigo Duterte’s Health ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
- 20. 16 Rubric Criteria 4 3 2 1 Content and Organization Content is comprehensi ve, accurate, and ideas are stated clearly and are well supported. There are also specific ideas added. Content is comprehen- sive, accurate, and ideas are stated clearly and are well supported. Content is less comprehen- sive, and ideas are stated not very clearly and are well supported. Content is not comprehen- sive, and ideas are not clear and not well supported Organization and Structure Concepts of the paragraphs are clear and easy to follow. There is evidence of outlining. Concepts of the paragraphs are clear and easy to follow. Some concepts of the paragraphs are clear and easy to follow. Concepts of the paragraphs are clear and not easy to follow. References References are cited correctly and show evidence of research. References are cited correctly. References are cited correctly but there are only a few. References are not cited correctly. Mechanics Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed; spelling is correct. There are no typographic- al errors. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed; spelling is correct. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are not all followed; spelling is correct. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are not followed; spelling is incorrect.
- 21. 17 Let Us Enhance Activity 5: Standing Right! Now, deepen your knowledge on the current issues of our country. It is a common problem in present–day society and one that many people strive to solve. Try to find out the corresponding reasonable arguments on some current issues. Direction: Match the current issues in Column A to the reasonable arguments and factual evidences in Column B. Write the letter your answer in your notebook. Matching Type Column A Current Issues Column B Reasonable Arguments and Factual Evidences 1.Dota game addiction a.Our country is now facing a disease is caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' As of October 22,2020 approximately 363.9 thousand people had been confirmed infected in the phillipines Of those 312.3 thousand had recovered and 6.8 thousand had died as of this date. 2.Facebook Addiction b. A large fraction of Philippine legislators in the House of Representatives elected Speaker Alan Lord Velasco as the new speaker of the house last Monday, while the incumbent speaker Alan Peter Cayetano declared the vote a “travesty” in a tense political standoff between two allies of the president.
- 22. 18 3.Covid 19 c. It is known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), are violent acts primarily or exclusively committed against women or girls. Such violence is often considered a form of hate crime, committed against women or girls specifically because they are female, and can take many forms. 4.Reopening of the Nuclear Bataan Power Plant d. As experts around the world race to find an effective COVID-19 vaccine, the Philippines' Department of Health (DOH) said it lacked some P10 billion needed to procure enough doses for the identified priority groups. 5.Spearkership in Congress e. Defence of The Ancients is a multi-player online battle arena mode.About 4 in 5 “millennials” or those aged between 23 to 28 play online games.Out of 1,200 millenials polled by PUBLICUS Asia Inc. 81.6 percent said they play online games while 18.4 said otherwise. 6.Reopening of Boracay f. A recent survey estimates that more than 85% of all college students use Facebook and more than 30 million users update their status at least once each day. 7. Covid 19 Vaccine g. President Duterte considers the resumption of operations of the Nuclear Power Plant that was shut down in 1986 due to building safety issues amid the Chernobyl explosion in Russia. 8.Drug addiction h. The Philippine military started clearing unexploded ordinance after battle and has cleared around 85 percent of the ordnance by May 2018. Around 70 percent of the displaced residents of Marawi has returned to the city by this time. 9. Violence Against Women
- 23. 19 i. Gathering momentum for domestic tourism all over the country”—a move to jumpstart the Philippines’ domestic tourism since the pandemic. Tourism department wish to invite more tourists. 10.Marawi Rehabilitation j. Even just a single use of some of these substances can spawn devastating patterns of abuse. Once a physical or psychological dependence is formed, using illicit drugs takes priority over everything else in a person’s life.
- 24. 20 Let Us Reflect Great job! You have completed the Lesson successfully! Before going to the next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience. I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I learned to others. I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that I need to review and relearn. I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I need help in some tasks. If you have checked the first icon, you are ready for the next lesson. If you have checked the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above and ask help from your teacher, parents, or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve. Congratulations you have done your part to finish this module. You are now ready to proceed to the next module.
- 27. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Region XI F. Torres St., Davao City Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147 Email Address: lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph