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Ammonia Mitigation and Capture as a LiquidFertilizer from Manure Using Gas-PermeableMembraneSaqib MukhtarProfessor and Extension Ag. EngineerAmir M. Samani MajdPhD Candidate,Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A & MUniversity System Waste to Worth Conference, Hyatt Hotel, Denver, CO. April 1-5, 2013

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IntroductionAnimal Manure NH3 Loss into the air• Loss of a Valuable Nutrient for Plants• Environmental Issue• Capturing and Recovery???????2NH3 + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO2

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NH3 and NH4+• NH3• NH+4

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pH Influences Forms of Ammoniacal NAmmonium (NH4)Ammonia (NH3)

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Ammonia Mitigation Approaches &Technologies• Acidic solution-sprayed scrubbers Studies underway in our laboratory• Bio-filters (compost, straw etc.)• Chemicals like acidified clays andsodium hydrogen sulfate• Gas-permeable membrane (GPM)

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Gas-permeable Membrane• ePTFE: expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene(AKA Dental Floss)

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Methods and MaterialsGPM PropertiesType of membrane Used ePTFEInside Diameter (cm) 0.672Outside Diameter (cm) 0.80Flat Width (cm) 1.25Wall Thickness (cm) 0.066Porosity (%) 83Mean Pore Diameter(μm) 2.401±0.142Pore size 100Xmagnification

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TANMechanismNH3 (Gas)(NH4)2SO4CaptureAcid-filled GPMLiquidmanureAmmonia(NH4)2SO4

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Experimental Set-upGlass wool filled OrificeSampling OrificeAcidicSolution(Jar)AcidicSolution(Jar)PeristalticPumpLM ChamberGPMSamplingOrifice

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LM Chambers

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Liquid Manure ChambersExperimentChamber Inside DimensionsDepth of LMin chamber(cm)Manurevolume(L)Headspacevolume(L)Length(cm)Width(cm)Height(cm)Surface area(cm2)1X - 7.7* 23 186 16.2 3 1.32 X 19.1 19.1 29 365 16.2 5.9 4.74 X 29.2 25.4 29 742 16.2 12 9.58X 40.6 35.6 30 1445 16.2 23.4 19.9*This entry is radius (cm) of the 1X cylindrical jar.

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Raw Manure, Collection, Sampling &Measurements

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Experimental Set-upTreatment chamberControl chamberAcidic flasksPeristaltic pump

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Results and Discussion: FeasibilityConcentration of NH3-N in acid and LM4X Control Chamber1X Chamber2X ChamberpH of LMpH of LMNH3-N in AcidNH3-N in LMpH of acidpH of LMNH3-N in AcidNH3-N in LMpH of acid

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Results and Discussion : FeasibilityConcentration of NH3–N in acid and LM4X Control Chamber4X Chamber8X ChamberpH of LMNH3-N in AcidNH3-N in LMpH of acidpH of LMNH3-N in AcidNH3-N in LMpH of acidpH of LMNH3-N in LM

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Part 2: Diluted H2SO4 solutions• It is safer for handling and operation• Lesser contamination of LM if the tube isruptured• Acid solution pH rises faster-Closer to the pH ofcommon Ammonium Sulfate fertilizer (between5.5 and 6)• Diluted acid means less cost

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Experiments (All 4X chambers)Nominal pH Time(days)Initial pH of the acids (H2SO4 )Submerged GPM Suspended GPMLow pH* 18 0.32 0.36pH 2 7 2.12 2.14pH 3 7 3.08 3.07pH4 7 4.11 4.14pH 5 7 5.42 5.36*Previous experiment

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Quick pH increasepH 5 Experiment

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NH3 concentrations in differentdiluted acidic solutions

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• Feasibility: The tubular GPM system filledwith acidic solution did extract NH3from LM.• Efficiency: The 4X experiment was the mosteffective, with greatest removal and captureefficiency.• Practical Finding: One cm2surface area ofGPM was needed to treat nearly three cm2surface area of liquid dairy manure.Conclusions

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Conclusions• As compared to low pH acidic solution, NH3removal efficiency was reduced considerably dueto a quick increase in pH of all diluted acids.• Should maintain acid solution at pH 2 or lessduring experiments for an efficient and higherrate of ammonia removal.

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Submerged GPM systempH controller anddosing systemCirculation pumpPressure gauge andpressure controllerSolar panels for power supplyto pump and acid dosing systemAcidic solution circulating throughthe GPM systemScaled-Up GPM System

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Ammonia Concentration in Acidic Solution after 24 Hours of Extraction

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Average Hourly NH3 Conc. (mg/l) in acidic solution40 85 190 280Flow Rate(ml/min)

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AcknowledgementFunding for this study was provided through agrant 2009-34466-20025 by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture: National Institute forFood and Agriculture (UDSA- NIFA)

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Thanks for your attention.Questions