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Ch 4 - Factors Shaping Identity
- 1. Identities (p.105) Identity is the way you define yourself and how others define you. Our identities vary and are complex as they are shaped by various influences in society.
- 2. Identities (p.105) Do you only have ONE identity? Do we all have the SAME identity? Can our identities CHANGE?
- 3. 2 min: Introduce Yourself! Give as many details about yourself as possible! E.g. birth place, race, religion, type of house you stay in, interests, hobbies, favourite food, fashion style, etc.
- 4. Identity → Diversity Different identities will lead to diversity in society.
- 5. Identity → Diversity Different identities will lead to diversity in society.
- 6. What is Diversity? Diversity refers to differences and variety. ► Socio-cultural diversity ► Socio-economic diversity
- 7. Identity DIVERSITY IN SOCIETY INTERACTIONS EXPERIENCES PROBLEMS? HOW TO RESPOND?
- 8. Identity Identity is the way YOU define YOURSELF and how others define YOU. Our identities vary and are complex as they are shaped by various influences in society. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 1. Nationality 2. Race and Ethnicity 3. Religion 4. Socio-Economic status (SES)
- 9. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 1) Nationality (TB pg. 108-110) • Nationality is the status of being a member or citizen of a particular country. • Nationality = • Having a sense of belonging to the nation • Sharing common experiences with others of the same nationality (e.g. history, tradition, practices, language, living spaces)
- 12. 2 min: Theme Contest! In your pairs, Come up with A THEME for the photographs The most CREATIVE and ACCURATE theme wins!
- 14. People of the same Nationality usually share: Common HISTORY Common TRADITIONS Common PRACTICES Common LANGUAGE Common EXPERIENCES …Living together in the same geographical area Singaporean ^
- 15. People of the same Nationality usually share: Singaporean ^ • Celebrate National Day on 9 Aug • A multicultural society – respect for different races & religions • National service • Love food across cultures • Common English language & bilingualism (Singlish!)
- 16. • Celebrate National Day on 9 Aug • A multicultural society – respect for different races & religions • National service • Love food across cultures • Common English language & bilingualism (Singlish!) People of the same Nationality usually share: Singaporean ^ These form our SG identity Shapes how we interact with other Singaporeans
- 17. There was a time when people said That Singapore won't make it, but we did There was a time when troubles seemed too much For us to take, but we did We built a nation, strong and free, reaching out together For peace and harmony Chorus 1: This is my country, this is my flag This is my future, this is my life This is my family, these are my friends We are Singapore, Singaporeans Singapore our homeland, it's here that we belong All of us united, one people marching on We've come so far together, our common destiny Singapore forever, a nation strong and free Why am I proud of Singapore? Why I want to live in Singapore? “We Are Singapore” Lyrics
- 18. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 1) Nationality (TB pg. 108-110) • Nationality is the status of being a member or citizen of a particular country. • Nationality = • Having a sense of belonging to the nation • Sharing common experiences with others of the same nationality
- 19. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 1) Nationality (TB pg. 108-110) • People from the same country feel more comfortable with members of same nationality • Easier to identify with one another • E.g. When overseas, it is so easy to recognize other Singaporeans from their mannerisms and attitudes! • Aspects of our shared national identity would shape the individual’s identity and actions. • These beliefs and experiences influence a large part of our national identity.
- 20. 1. Nationality Identity (the way you define yourself and how others define you) Diversity in Society (differences and variety) Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS:
- 21. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity Are they the same thing??? NOOO!
- 22. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity “Race” refers to classification according to physical characteristics that are biological in nature. • E.g. skin colour, hair, eye colour, bone structure (TB pg. 111) Chinese: yellow skin, slanted eyes/slit eyes, slightly rounder faces Caucasians: light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips
- 23. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity “Ethnicity” refers one’s ancestry, customs, cultural practices, language, food and dressing that are associated with an ethnic group • E.g. practices and customs that are unique to particular country/region (TB pg. 112)
- 24. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity Same race but different ethnicity: Miao people vs Hui people Language Dialects and own Miao language (based on Latin) Chinese (some Arabic & Persian words) Food Rice Prefer food with flour Race Chinese Hair colour Black hair Skin colour Yellow-skinned Similarities? Differences?
- 25. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity Same race but different ethnicity (e.g. Miao & Hui) Same race same ethnicity (e.g. Japanese, Koreans) TB pg. 112 - 113 • Race and ethnicity shape our identity as we belong to particular racial and/or ethnic communities • The practices and beliefs of these communities shape our way of life
- 26. Yoshihiro Akiyama aka Choo Sung Hoon Korean descent; Japanese nationality
- 27. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity • In Singapore, four main categories of race – C, M, I, O
- 28. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity (TB pg. 108-110) • In Singapore, four main categories of race – C, M, I, O • Racial markers shape policies in education, housing and welfare (e.g. Mendaki, CDAC etc) • Categorisation was necessary in early days to bring different communities together • Today, categorisation has changed: • DOUBLE-BARRELLED RACE OPTION • For children belonging to parents of diff races • Due to more inter-ethnic marriages in SG
- 29. (e.g. Indian-Chinese – reflected in NRIC) DOUBLE-BARRELLED RACE OPTION
- 30. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 2) Race and Ethnicity (TB pg. 108-110) • In Singapore, four main categories of race – C, M, I, O (= Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others) • Diversity of race and ethnicity leads to many different customs celebrated and observed in Singapore
- 31. 1. Nationality 2. Race and ethnicity Identity (the way you define yourself and how others define you) Diversity (differences and variety) Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS:
- 32. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 3) Religion (TB pg. 116) • Religion is an organised collection of attitudes, beliefs, practices, world views, and often worship of a single or multiple gods. • Religion by birth or by choice • Religion gives meaning to life or explains origin of life
- 33. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 3) Religion (TB pg. 117) • Religions embody a set of shared core beliefs and practices (e.g?) • Believers keep to these beliefs and practices regardless of nationality or ethnicity • Shapes our identity by influencing our way of life in many ways
- 34. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 3) Religion (TB pg. 117) • In SG: • Total no. of major religions being practised? • What are the four main religions? • What is the Inter-Religious Organisation (IRO)? • Main religions in SG promote compassion, sensitivity, respect, helping others, love, care • Singapore citizens are free to profess and practise their religion, as well as propagate it (religious freedom)
- 35. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 3) Religion (TB pg. 117)
- 36. 1. Nationality 2. Race and ethnicity 3. Religion Identity (the way you define yourself and how others define you) Diversity in Society (differences and variety) Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS:
- 37. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 120-121) • Socio-economic status refers to an economic situation shared by a group of people. • E.g. Higher SES; middle SES; lower SES. • What determines SES? • Objective indicators e.g.: occupation, income, education, ownership of wealth, property, housing type • In Singapore, an individual income level or household’s income level is used as indicator for socio-economic status (SES).
- 38. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 122) • 3 min Task (handout pg. 3) • Socio-economic status shapes life experience because it affects choice of housing, food, entertainment and activities • Influences circle of friends, social network • Access to different activities
- 39. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 129) • Gini coefficient measures how income is distributed in a country. • 0 to 1 • Higher Gini coefficient = more unequal distribution of income • SG’s Gini coefficient = 0.43 (in 2014) • Income gap is widening Greater income inequality
- 40. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 129) • Government transfers to reduce income gap (e.g. GST voucher)
- 41. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 129) • Government transfers to reduce income gap (e.g. GST voucher) • To enable social mobility, many measures put in place to support the needs of the lower socio-economic status groups • Healthcare and education financing: • Meet basic needs • Improve well-being and social mobility
- 42. Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS: 4) Socio-Economic Status (TB pg. 128) • “Social mobility” means that individuals can move from lower to higher levels of income through hard work. • Can a person’s SES change? • Story 1: Higher SES Lower SES • Story 2: Lower SES Higher SES
- 43. 1. Nationality 2. Race and ethnicity 3. Religion 4. Socio- Economic Status (SES) Identity (the way you define yourself and how others define you) Diversity in Society (differences and variety) Factors that shape the identities of INDIVIDUALS:
Editor's Notes
- Get students to introduce themselves to their partner – to give as many details as possible in the self-introduction (e.g. likes, dislikes, country of origin, siblings, race, special practices at home, religion, where you stay etc) Select two people to intro themselves to the class – write details on the board (categorize into the 4 factors) Takeaway: Every one has different identities society is very diverse “Diversity” Qn: harmony in society achievable?
- http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/visualising_data/population-trends2015.pdf
- https://www.moe.gov.sg/admissions/international-students/general-info#monthly-school-fees
- https://www.moe.gov.sg/admissions/international-students/general-info#monthly-school-fees
- Even though there were no mention of the word “Singapore” in any of the photographs, the themes that students come up with will likely to make mention/reference to Singapore link to next slide.
- Tell story of going overseas and recognizing Singaporean counterparts just purely from their mannerisms and attitudes.
- Chinese: yellow skin, slanted eyes/slit eyes, slightly rounder faces Caucasians: light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips
- Relationship between race and ethnicity may not always be clear. Members of the Miao and Hui communities in China may have physical features of the Chinese race, but they are of a different ethnicity, with unique costumes, practices and customs.
- Relationship between race and ethnicity may not always be clear.
- A fourth-generation Japanese of Korean descent, he acquired Japanese nationality in 2001.
- Rationale behind this categorisation: Necessary in our early nation-building days to unite communities. Double-barrelled race option: e.g. “Chinese-Eurasian” Implemented in 2011 Rise in inter-ethnic marriages in Singapore. The choice is reflected in the NRIC.
- Rationale behind this categorisation: Necessary in our early nation-building days to unite communities. Double-barrelled race option: e.g. “Chinese-Eurasian” Implemented in 2011 Rise in inter-ethnic marriages in Singapore. The choice is reflected in the NRIC.
- E.g. Islam: Eid al-Fitr marks the end of the fasting month of Ramadan. This has to do with the communal aspects of the fast, which expresses many of the basic values of the Muslim community; e.g., empathy for the poor, charity, worship, steadfastness, patience etc. Fasting is also believed by some scholars to extol fundamental distinctions, lauding the power of the spiritual realm, while acknowledging the subordination of the physical realm. It also teaches a Muslim to stay away from worldly desires and to focus entirely on the Lord and thank Him for his blessings. It is a rejuvenation of the religion and it creates a stronger bond between the Muslim and his Lord
- Together with Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism, Christianity is considered one of the four main religions today. Christianity in Singapore is not tied to a particular ethnic or racial group, although most Christians are Chinese. The IRO promotes peace and religious harmony in Singapore. It organises activities and participates in local and international forums to learn more about what is being done in the region to promote religious harmony. They engage in Inter-Religious Dialogues to discuss the realities and challenges of religious issues in Singapore.
- http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release2/indicators.pdf
- http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/bottom-30-top-10-of/2551154.html A higher Gini coefficient implies a less equal distribution of incomes. (Infographic: Singapore Department of Statistics)
- GST Voucher https://www.gstvoucher.gov.sg/Pages/index.aspx The permanent GST Voucher scheme was introduced by the Government in Budget 2012 to help lower-income Singaporeans. The GST Voucher is given in three components – Cash, Medisave and U-Save. GST Voucher – Cash provides lower-income Singaporeans with some cash for immediate needs, and is paid every August. Similarly paid every August is the GST Voucher – Medisave, which provides elderly Singaporeans aged 65 and above with a CPF Medisave account top-up to support their medical needs. Lastly, the GST Voucher – USave provides lower- and middle-income households with a rebate to offset their utilities bills, and is paid every January, April, July and October.
- GST Voucher https://www.gstvoucher.gov.sg/Pages/index.aspx The permanent GST Voucher scheme was introduced by the Government in Budget 2012 to help lower-income Singaporeans. The GST Voucher is given in three components – Cash, Medisave and U-Save. GST Voucher – Cash provides lower-income Singaporeans with some cash for immediate needs, and is paid every August. Similarly paid every August is the GST Voucher – Medisave, which provides elderly Singaporeans aged 65 and above with a CPF Medisave account top-up to support their medical needs. Lastly, the GST Voucher – USave provides lower- and middle-income households with a rebate to offset their utilities bills, and is paid every January, April, July and October.