Pdf

1. `mKw 1
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
kwÿm hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2015
tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xwkmaq-ly-imkv{Xw
JT5-/SRF6FL-0

2. 9RO

3. tZio-b-Kmw
P-K-W-a-- -A-[n-m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-apmKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvtln-°p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-amw sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a-Ønpw sFiz-cy-Øn-pw- th≠n
{]bXvn°pw.
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

4. {]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,
CXv nß-fpsS kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T-]p-kvX-Iw. CXn¬ Ncn-{Xhpw
`qan-im-kv{Xhpw kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{Xhpw cmjv{S-aow-am-kbpw
kaq-l-im-kv{Xhpw khn-ti-j-ambn Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
hyXykvX hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Ipsd hnh-c-ß-fpsS
kam-lm-c-a-√nXv. Ncn{Xw sI´n n¬°p∂ Pem-i-b-a-s√∂pw
HgpIp∂ ]pg-t]m-se-bm-sW∂pw Cu ]pkvXIw nßsf Hm¿an-
∏n-°pw. `qan-im-kv{X-sa-∂Xv {]IrXnbpw ap-jypw XΩn-ep≈
khn-tij_‘-Øns‚ IY-bm-sW∂v ]d-™p-X-cpw. kmº-Øn-
Im-i-b-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw ΩpsS kaqlsØ cq]s∏SpØp∂
sXßssb∂v hniIew sNøpw. Kh¨sa‚ v Fßs
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw
kmaqlnI PohnXØns‚ AnhmcyXbpw hniZam°pw. kmaq-
ly-im-kv{X-]m-T-]p-kvXIw KpW-I-chpw Btcm-Ky-]q¿W-hp-amb
Hcp kaq-l-n¿an-Xn°v An-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s-sb∂v Cu
]pkvXIw hy‡-am-°pw. kaq-l-n¿amW {]h¿Ø--ß-fn¬ CXv
n߃°p Znim-t_m[w ¬Ipw. Aßs DØa]uc∑mcmbn
amdm≥ n߃°p Ignbpw
kvtlm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,
tUm. Fkv. cho-{μ≥ mb¿
Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

5. kwÿm hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e kanXn (SCERT)
hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h--¥-]pcw˛695 012
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
]mT-]p-kvXI cNmkanXn
AP-b-Ip-am¿, F≥.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t_°q¿, Imk¿tKmUv
A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., lnÃ-dn,
hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]pØq¿]≈n-°¬,
ae∏pdw
Pam¬, sI.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,
B¿.-F.-kn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IS-ta-cn, tImgn-t°mSv
hn.Sn. Pbdmw
eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v,
Xriq¿
{]Zo-]≥, ‰n.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., I√m-®n , tImgn°mSv
{]Zo-]vIpam¿.-Sn.hn.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., Zp¿§ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Im™-ßm-Sv,
Imk-d-tKmUv
]n.F≥. apc-fo-[-c≥ mb¿
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv
F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, Bn-°m-Sv, tIm´bw
bqk^v Ipam¿, Fkv.Fw.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃdn, Kh. tamU¬ -t_mbvkv
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., B‰n-߬, Xncp-h--¥-]pcw
hn¬{^Uv tPm¨, Fkv.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n,
Fw.Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IWn-bm-]p-cw, Xncp-h--¥-]pcw
h¿Kokv t]mØ≥
F®v.-Fkv.Fkv.‰n., C°tWmanIvkv, sk‚v tPm¨kv F®v.-F-
kv.-F-kv. a‰w, amth-en-°c, Be-∏pg
jm≥em¬,-F._n.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n
Kh.-tamU¬ t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., lcn-∏mSv, Be-∏pg
jqP-tam≥,-F-kv.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., ]n.F≥.-Fw.-Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Iq¥-≈q¿,
Nnd-bn≥Io-gv, Xncp-h--¥-]pcw
lcn-{]`,sI.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., i_cn F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]≈n-°p-dp-∏v,
]me-°mSv
hnZ-Kv[¿
A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt‰¿
atmPv, sI. hn., dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃdn,
sI.sI.Sn.Fw. Kh: tImtf-Pv, sImSp-ß-√q¿, Xriq¿
atmPv Ipam¿, ]n.Fkv.
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h--¥-]pcw
tUm. {]ntb-jv, Fw.
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv,
hn.‰n.-Fw. F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv. tImtf-Pv, [p-h-®-]p-cw, Xncp-h--¥-]pcwkp[o-jvIpam¿.sP.
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.sF.-]n. tPmk^v
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (tPym{K-^n), Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.Nn{Xm-am-[-h≥,
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃ-dn,
]n.F-kv.Fw.H. tImtf-Pv, Xncq-c-ßmSn
tUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv, ]n.]n.
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v C°tWmanIvkv,
hna≥kv tImtf-Pv, Xncph¥]pcw
tUm. Atim-Iv AeIvkv

6. 01. BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw
02. Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
03. `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
04. ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
05. {]mNo--X-an-gIw
06. `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
07. kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ
7
23
41
57
75
87
107

7. Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”߃
]TkuIcyØnmbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p
XpS¿{]h¿Ø߃
hnebncpØmw
{][m ]Tt´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h
kw{Klw
]T-- ]p-tcm-KXn n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃
A[nIhmbbv°v ˛ hnebncpØenv
hnt[bamt°≠Xn√
{]h¿Ø-߃
kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw

8. hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ {^m≥knse emkvtIm (Lascaux) F∂ {]tZ-
iØv c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS th´-∏´n-bp-ambn apb-ep-Isf th´-
bm-Sm-n-d-ßn. s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fnepw amf-ß-fnepw apb-ep-Isf
Xnc™p S-°p-∂-Xn-n-S-bn¬ th´-∏-´nsb ImWm-Xm-bn. ]cn-{`m-
¥-cmbn Xß-fpsS ]´nsb Atz-jn®p S∂ Ah¿ sNs∂-Øn-
bXv hen-sbmcp Kpl°-I-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. q‰m-≠p-Ifmbn Bcp-
sSbpw {i≤-bn¬s∏SmXn-cp-∂- B
Kpl-bn¬ I≠ ImgvN Ahsc
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Kplm-`nØn
ndsb hnhn[ h¿Æ-ß-fn¬ IpXn-
c, Im´p-t]m-Øv, Imf, am≥ XpS-ßnb
arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃....
Ah {]mNo inem-bpK ap-jy¿
Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-
fmbncp∂p. CXp-t]m-ep≈ nc-h[n
Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ temI-Øns‚
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. Cu Nn{X߃ BZyIme
apjyPohXsØ°pdn®v hnetb
dnb hnhc߃ ¬Ip∂p.
Imf (emkvtIm-˛-{^m≥kv)
BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw8
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
{]mNo--in-em-bpKw (Palaeolithic Age)
Nn{X-߃ nco-£n-°q. Ch
GI-tZiw ]Xn-mb-ncw- h¿j-
߃°v apºv {]mNo--in-em-
bpK-Ønse ap-jy¿ hc®
Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. F¥p-
sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ch Kpl-
Iƒ°p≈n¬ hc-®Xv?
Cu KplmNn{X-ß-fpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
N¿® sNøp.
arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ß-
fmWv Ah-bn¬ A[n-Ihpw
Ch-bn¬ n∂pw {]mNo apjys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n°p∂Xv?
arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.
kwL-ambn hntm-Z-Ønte¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
KplmNn{X-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ nd-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. kky-
ß-fp-sS Nmdpw sN¶¬s]m-Snbpw tN¿ØmWv nd-߃ D≠m-°n-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂ Im´p-t]m-Øv, ]∂n F∂n-hbv°p
]pdsa IpXn-c, am≥, knwlw, ]p≈n-∏p-en, Ic-Sn, Igp-X-∏pen
XpSßnbhbpsS Nn{X-ßfpw hnhn[ Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-
bpw. Bh-iy-Ønv kqcy-{]-Imiw e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬
arK-s°m-gp-∏p]-tbm-Kn®v Xo IØn-®m-Wv shfn®w e`y-am-°n-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. th´ S-tØ≠ ÿew, th´-bm-tS≠ arK-w F∂nh
Bkq{XWw sNbvXXns‚ sXfn-hp-IfmWv th´sb kw_-‘n®
KplmNn{X-߃. Kpl-I-fpsS ta¬`n-Øn-bnepw Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-
cp-∂p. CXv {]mNo ap-jy-cpsS sshZKv≤y-Øns‚
sXfnhpIfmWv.
Kplm-Nn-{X-߃{]mNo--a-p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®vhnhcwXcp∂
t{kmX- p-I-fmWv. ka¿∞n-°pI.
kwL-rØw (`nwt_UvI ˛ C¥y) th´-bm-S¬ (`nwt_UvI ˛ C¥y)
Im´p ]∂n (Aƒ´m-and ˛ kvs]bn≥) Im´p-t]mØv (tjmsh ˛ {^m≥kv)

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 9
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
thhn® `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-߃, Nmcw, arK-ß-fpsS F√p-Ifpw
Xetbm-´n-I-fpw, ]g-ßfpsSbpw ]®-°-dn-IfpsSbpw ip≤-P-e-a-’y-
ßfpsSbpw Ah-in-jvS-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Kpl-Iƒ°p-≈n¬n∂v
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ {]mNo--a-p-jy-
Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v as‰-s¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv ap°v
Is≠Øm≥ km[n-°p∂Xv?
`£Ww thhn®n-cp-∂p.
{]mNoinem-bpK ap-jy¿ Iq´-am-bmWv Cc tXSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Ahcnse Icp-Ø≥ Iq´sØ bn-®p. Cc-tX-S-en¬ kv{Xo˛]pcpj
hyXym-k-w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. th´-bm-Sn-∏n-Sn® arK-ßfpsSbpw NØ
arK-ß-fp-sSbpw amwkw Ah¿ `£n-®n-cp-∂p. th´-bmSm≥ inembp-
[ßfmWv {]-[m--ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-
®n-cp-∂-Xv. Chbv°p ]pdsa arK-ß-
fpsS F√v, B-s°m-ºv, XSn-°-j-
W-߃ -F-∂n-hbpw Ah¿ Bbp-[-
ß-fm°n. arK-tØmepw actØmepw
hkv{X-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. tXmep-
Iƒ Xp∂mp≈ kqNn-I-fmbn arK-
ß-fpsS F√p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p.
{]mNo inem-bp-KsØ th´-bm-S¬ bpKw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-
°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
{]mNoinem-bp-[-߃
{]mNo inem-bpK ap-jys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Kpl-
I-fn¬n∂v Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv?
NphsS X∂n-´p≈ kqN--I-fpsS ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ N¿®
sNøp-I:
¾ D]-I-c-W-߃ ¾ Blmcw
¾ hmk-ÿew ¾ D]-Po-h--am¿§w
¾ kwL-Po-hnXw ¾ Bkq-{XWw
¾ Iem-ssh-ZKv≤yw ¾ XobpsS D]-tbmKw

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw10
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ {]mNo apjy¿ {it≤-b-amb apt∂-‰-߃
ssIh-cn-®-Xnv nc-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. D]-I-c-W-ß-
fpsS n¿Ωm-Whpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw CØcw apt∂-‰-߃°v
klm-bIam-bn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øncn°p-∂p:
F√p-sIm≠v n¿an® hmtZym-]-I-c-Ww
{]mNo inem-bpK ap-jy¿ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®
taJe-Iƒ NphsS ¬Ip-∂p. Ahbv°v DZm-l-c-W-߃
]mT-`m-K-Øp-n∂v Is≠ØpI:
taJe DZm-l-c-W-߃
inev]-hnZy
Nn{X-Ie
Ic-Iu-i-e-hnZy

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 11
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
C¥y-bnse {]mNo inem-bpK
tI{μ-ß-fn¬ {it≤-b-am-Wv
a[y{]tZ-inse `nwt_-UvI. I√p-
sIm≠v n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-߃
(Rockshelter) CXns‚ khn-ti-
jXbm-bn-cp-∂p.
`nwt_UvI IqSmsX {]mNo--in-em-
bpK ap-jyPohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v
sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ nc--h[n
tI{μ-߃ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.
¿ΩZ Xmgvhc
`nwt_UvI
l≥kvKn Ip¿q¬ Kpl-Iƒ
mKm¿÷p--sIm≠
I√p-sIm≠v n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-߃ ˛ `nwt_UvI
{]mNo inem-bpK ap-jy¿ hkn-
®n-cp∂Xnp≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n®
Nne tI{μ-ß-fmWv `q]-S-Øn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu
tI{μ-߃ C∂v GsXms° kwÿm--ß-
fn-em-sW∂v C‚¿s-‰ns‚tbm a‰p t{kmX-
p-I-fp-sStbm klm-b-Øm¬ Is≠-Øn
Fgp-XpI.
{]mNo- -in-em-
bp-K-tI-{μ-w
kwÿmw
$ `nwt_UvI $ a[y-{]-tZiv
C¥y-bnse {]mNoinem-bp-KtI{μ-߃

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw12
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
a[y-in-em-bpKw (Mesolithic Age)
Nn{XØnse- D]IcW߃ {i≤n-°q. -Chbv°v
{]mNo inem-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-cW-ß-
fn¬n∂pw Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv?
kq£va-hp-w apbp≈Xpamb inem-bp-[-ß-
fmWnh. {]mNo inem-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v
CØcw Bbp[-ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-
L´w a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p.
Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ ap-jy¿ F¥n-s√mw D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mhmw?
Iºn¬ sI´n arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sm≥
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ th´-bm-S¬ hym]I-am-bn. XXv^e-ambn ]e
Pohn-Iƒ°pw hwi-miw kw`-hn-®p. AØ-c-Øn¬ hwi-miw
kw`-hn® Pohn-h¿§-Øn-p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ama-Øv (Mammoth).
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ap-jy¿ `£-W-Ønv ]pXnb Dd-hn-S-߃
Is≠-Øn. `£y-tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, tUmƒ^n≥, o¿mbv,
Xnanw-Kew, a’y-߃ XpS-ßnbh Ah¿ Blmc-am°n.
ama-Øp-Iƒ ho≠pw hcp∂p
]Xn-m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-apºv `qan-bn¬
Pohn-®n-cp∂ B-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´
ama-Øns imkv{X-temIw t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS
]p-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-sm-cp-ßp-∂p. ssk_o-cn-
b-bn¬ a™n--Sn-bn¬n∂v 2013˛¬ e`n® ama-
Øns‚ Po¿Æn-°mØ PUw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
imkv{X-⁄¿ Cu ZuXy-Øn-sm-cp-ßp-∂-Xv.
PU-Øn¬ n∂v e`n® {ZmhIw c‡-am-sW∂v
Dd-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. A[nIw sshImsX Xs∂
tZlw apgp-h≥ tcmahpw henb sImºp-I-fp-ap≈ ama-Øns ]px-kr-jvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-
sa-∂mWv imkv{X-⁄¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. t^mkn¬ imkv{X-⁄-mb tSmdn -sl-dnUvPv
BWv Cu ZuXy-Ønv tXrXzw ¬Ip-∂-Xv.
a[y-in-em-bp-KsØ kq£va-in-em-bpKw
(Microlithic Age) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-
sIm≠v?
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-c-W-߃

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 13
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ ap--jy-Po-
hnX-Ønep≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ
X∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ n∂pw
Is≠Øq.
bqtdm-∏nsebpw ]Sn-™m-d≥
Gjy-bn-sebpw hnhn[ cmPy-ß-
fn¬ n∂v a[y-in-embpK Ime-L´-
Ønse PPohnXØns‚ sXfn-hp-
Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬
_msKm¿ (cmP-ÿm-≥), BZw-KUv
(a[y-{]-tZ-iv) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬
n∂pw a[yin-em-bp-KsØ kw_-
‘n® sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p≠v.
ho--in-em-bpKw (Neolithic Age)
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ ap-jy-Po-hn-XØn¬h∂ am‰-߃ Ωƒ
N¿® sNbvX-t√m. a[y-in-em-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v ap-jy¿ inem-
bp-[-߃ anp-k-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu Ime-
L´w ho--in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Irjn Bcw-`n-®-XmWv
GI-tZiw FÆmbncw h¿jw ap≥]p≈ Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse
{][m ]ptcm-K-Xn. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z-
Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w apjyNcn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃, `£-W-Øn-s‚ e`y-X-°p-dhv,
PkwJymh¿≤-hv XpS-ßn-b-h- CXnv Imc-W-ß-fmbn
Nq≠n°mWn°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Zo-XSw tI{μo-I-cn®v ap-jy¿ Irjn
Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-hmkw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn Cu
Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v n߃ a- n-em-°n-
b-t√m. Cu am‰-ßsf Ncn-{X-Im-c-mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv ho
inem-bpK hnπhw (Neolithic Revolution) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.
{]mNo inem-bp-KØnse apjyPohnXsØ a[y-in-
em-bp-K-Ønse am‰-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv
Bkvt{Senbbn¬ Pn®
]pcmhkvXp KthjIpw
Ncn{XImcpambncp∂p
hn.tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv.
Ncn{XmXoXImesØ (pre-
historical period) °pdn®v
hnhc߃ e`n°p∂Xnv
At±lØns‚ KthjW
߃ klmbIambn. ap
jy≥ kzbw n¿Ωn°p∂p,'
Ncn{XØn¬ F¥p kw`
hn®p' F∂nh At±lØns‚
{it≤bamb {KŸßfmWv.

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw14
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
ho--in-em-bp-K-Ønse ap-jy¿ `£-Wm-h-iy-Ønv arK-ßsf
hf¿Øn. Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-Øn-mbpw arK-]-cn-]m-e-Øn-mbpw
ho-- in-em-bp-K-a-p-jy¿ ÿnc-hm-k-am-cw-`n-®p. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en,
NWw, hnhn-[-bnw Ing-ßp-Iƒ, s√v, hmg XpS-ßn-b-h-
bmbncp∂p A°m-esØ {][m hnf-Iƒ.
FS-°¬ Kpl-sb-°p-dn®v n߃ tI´n-´nt√? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv? tIc-f-Ønse {][m ho--in-em-bpK tI{μ-
ambn-cp∂p FS-°¬. FS-°¬ Kpl-bnse Nn-{X-߃ {i≤n-°q.
Nn{X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw ImWp-∂p-≠v?
N{I-ß-fp≈ h≠n
km[--߃ Hcp ÿe-Øp-n∂pw as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v
sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-Xnv A°m-eØv N{I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-
bpsS hnIm-kw, ÿnc-hm-kw XpS-ßn-bh Iq´mb Pohn-X-Ønv
hgn-sX-fn-®p.
`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z--Øn-te-°p≈
ap-jys‚ am‰w hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp ^vtfm Nm¿´v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.
FS-°¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-߃

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 15
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w ap-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-
°m-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
ho inem-bp-K-Ønse kmt¶-XnIt´-߃ Xmsg-
bp≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ n∂pw Is≠-Øn GsX√mw taJ-e-
I-fn¬ A°m-esØ P-߃ sshZKv≤yw tSn-bn-cp∂p
F∂v N¿®sNøq.
Nn{Xw 1.13

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw16
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
ho--in-em-bpKØn¬ ap-jy-Po-hnXw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[
`mK-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®p. P-kwJym h¿≤-hv, Irjn-
tbmKyhpw hmk-tbm-Ky-hp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-IX
F∂n-h-bmWv CXnv Imc-W-am-b-Xv. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-amWv hnhn[
{]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-Ønv klm-b-I-am-b-Xv.
ho- -in-em-bpK ap-jy¿ ssIh-cn®
kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v as‰m-cpZm-
l-c-W-amWv kzn‰vk¿e-≠nep≠m-bn-
cp∂ XSm-I-{Km-a-߃ (Lake Villages).
XSn-Iƒ Iq´n-s°-´n arK-Øns‚
tXmepw Ifn-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®mWv
XSm-IØn¬ hmk-ÿ-e-߃
n¿Ωn®Xv. ]e-kvXo-nse sPdo-t°m-
bn¬ hoinembpKØn¬ n¿Ωn
°s∏´ I√p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ aXnepIfpw
ho-Sp-Ifpw Is≠Ønbn´p≠v.
XSm-I-{Kmaw ˛ kzn‰vk¿e-≠v (-Nn-{X-Im-cs‚ `mh--bn¬)
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn-¬ Bcw`n® ]e am‰-ßfpw ho--
in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ hnImkw {]m]n-®p. Ah-tb-sX√msa∂v
]mT-`mKw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Pm¿sam (Jarmo).
Pm¿sam {Kmaw
ho inem-bp-K-Ønse ap-jy-Po-hn-X-
sØ-°p-dn®v sXfnhv e`n-°p∂ {][m
ÿe-ßfn-sem-∂mWv hS-°≥ Cdm-°nse
Pm¿sam (Jarmo). nch[n a¨Ip-Sn-ep-I-
fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ ChnsS n∂v Is≠-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. I√p-IƒsIm≠mWv Ch-bpsS
ASn-Ød n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. `nØn-Iƒ shbn-
e-Øv- D-W-°nb sNfn-°-´-Iƒ sIm≠v
n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. aÆv Ipg®v shbn-eØv
DW-°n n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS
ta¬°q-c-Iƒ. P-߃ Irjn-bn-te¿s∏-´n-
cp-∂p. Ah¿ Blm-c-km-[--߃ kw`-cn®v
kq£n-°pIbpw ssIam‰w sNøpIbpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 17
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
_p¿kmtlmw
kcm-bn-tJme
Inte-Kp¬sam-l-ΩZv
Kp^v{Imƒ
sal¿KUv
Nncm¥vtIm¬Znh
mKm¿÷p--sIm≠
DXv-q¿
X°-e-tIm´ amkvIn
lmeq¿ {_“-Kncn
]ø-º≈n
FS-°¬
C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse ho--in-em-bpK tI{μ-߃
`q]-Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v {][m
ho-- in-em-bpKtI{μ-
߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.
$ FS-°¬
$
$
$
$
Ae-¶-cn® a¨]m-{Xhpw inem-bp-[-ßfpw ˛
_p¿kmtlmw (Imivao¿)
{]mNoinem-bp-KsØ At]-£n®v
Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv ho-- in-em-
bp-K-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-´-sX∂v Is≠Øn
NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-I:
{]mNo inem-bpKw ho--in-em-bpKw
D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cp-°≥ I√p-Iƒ anp-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ
sXmgn¬
Blmckºm-Zw
ÿnc-hmkw
arK-]-cn-]m-ew
]m{Xn¿ΩmWw
kmt¶-XnIhnZy

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2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
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1
BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw18
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
Xm{ainem-bpKw (Chalcolithic Age)
inem-bp-K-Øn¬n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn-s‚- Ime-
am-bn-cp∂p Xm{ainem-bp-Kw. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ap-jy¿ I√p-
sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sNºp(Xm{aw) sIm≠p≈
D]-I-c-W-ßfpw n¿Ωn-®p. Xm{a-inembp-K-Ønse {][m tI{μ-
ß-tfsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
ho-- in-em-bp-K-Ønsebpw Xm{a-in-em-bp-K-Øn-sebpw ap-jy-
Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p≈ {][m tI{μ-
amWv Xp¿°n-bnse NmX¬slmbp-°v. -K-c-Po-hnXØns‚ BZna-
cq]w ne-n-∂n-cp∂ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv. hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS
Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv ChnsSn∂v IqSp-X-embn e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
sNfn-°´-Iƒ sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p IpSn-ep-Iƒ n¿Ωn-®n-
cp∂Xv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-
߃ ChnsS n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. IpSn-ep-I-fpsS `nØn-I-
fn¬ Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-cp-∂p. Gsd ]pcm-X-hpw hnkvXr-
X-hp-amb Cu tI{μ-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw DXvJ-w S°p-
∂p≠v.
sal¿KUv
Fdm≥
ImbX
hvZm-tXmen
ssZam-_mZv
tPm¿sh
N-t¥mfn
Nncm¥v
C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse Xm{ain-em-bpK tI{μ-߃
Knep≠v
_me-X¬
Alm¿
Xm{a-in-em-bp-KsØ kw_-‘n® Fs¥√mw
sXfn-hp-I-fmWv NmX¬slm-bq-°n¬n∂v
e`n°p-∂-Xv. N¿®sNøq.
Xm{ainem-bp-K-Øns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Ønb nc-
h[n {]tZ-i-߃ C¥y≥
D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønep-≠v. `q]-S-
Øn¬n∂pw Ah Is≠Øn F-gp-XpI.
$ sal¿KUv
$
$
$
NmX¬slmbp-°nse DXvJ-w

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 19
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
Xm{ainem-bpKØnse ap-jy-Po-hnXw GsX√mw
taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®Xv?
ap-jy≥ intem]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®
Imew inem-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
intem]-I-c-W-ßfnep-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-
Øn¬ inem-bp-KsØ {]mNoinem-bpKw, a[yinem-
bpKw, hoinem-bpKw F∂n-ßs Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-sebpw ap-jy-Po-hn-X-coXn-I-fn¬
nch[n hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
inem-bp-K- ap-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS
Ahin-jvS-ßfn¬ n∂mWv B Ime-L-´-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-L-´-Øn¬ temtlm]-I-c-W-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßnbImew Xm{a-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-
s∏Sp-∂p.
a¨]m{Xw -˛ sal¿KUv
C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse {][m Xm{a-in-em-bpK tI{μ-
amWv _eq-Nn-ÿm-nse sal¿K-Uv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en
F∂nh AhnsS Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ASp-∏p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb
hoSp-Iƒ sNfn-°-´-sIm≠v n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p. a¨]m-
{Xn¿ΩmW-Ønv N{Iw (Potter's Wheel) D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-
∂Xnpw AhnsSn∂v sXfnhpIƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
I√p-sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-bmWv BZy-Im-eØv ap-jy¿
B{ibn-®-Xv. Bh-iy-߃ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ D]-I-c-W-߃ sa®-
s∏-Sp-Øn. sa®-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-߃ kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
]ptcmK-Xn°v klm-b-I-am-bn. CXv temtlm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS
n¿Ωm-WØnte°v bn-®p.

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw20
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
{]mNo inem-bp-K-Ønse Kplm- Nn-{X-߃ hni-I-ew
sNøp∂p.
Ncn{Xt{kmX- p-Iƒ F∂ ne-bn¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-ß-
ƒ°p≈ {]m[myw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
hnhn-[ -in-em-bpK Ime-L-´-ß-fnse apjyPohn-X-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-ew sNøp-∂p.
hnhn-[- in-em-bpK Ime-L-´-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.
inem-bpK tI{μ-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
inem-bp-K-Øn¬n∂pw teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w
Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p.
{]mNo--
in-em-bpKw
(Palaeolithic Age)
a[yin-em-bpKw
(Mesolithic Age)
ho--in-em-bpKw
(Neolithic Age)
Xm{a-in-em-bpKw
(Chalcolithic Age)
anp-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb
inem-bp-[-߃
kq£va-in-em-bp-[-߃
inem-bpKw
ine-Ifpw sNºpw]cp-°≥ inem-bp-[-߃
`nwt_UvI
Aƒ´m-and
tjmsh
emkvtIm
_msKm¿
BZw-KUv
FS-°¬
Pdot°m
sal¿KUv
NmX¬
slm-bp°v

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw 21
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII
Kpl-Isf {]mNo ap-jys‚ BhmktI{μ-ß-fmbn Icp-
Xm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
a[y-in-em-bp-KsØ {]mNo inem-bp-K-Øn¬n∂pw
ho -in-em-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø--Im-e-ambmWv
(Age of Transition) hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
{]mNo--in-em-bp-K-Øn¬n∂pw ho-- in-em-bp-K-Øn-
p≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥√mw?
inem-bpKw apjyNcn-{X-Ønse kp{]-[m Ime-L-´-
am-bn-cp-∂p'. ka¿Yn-°pI.
NphsS ]´n-I-bn¬ ¬Inbn´p≈ ÿe-ßfpw Ime-L-´-
ßfpw {Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp-n∂pw Ign™ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v
hnh-c-߃ Xcp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah-bn¬n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßfpw
Dƒs°m-≈n®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. hkvXp-°sf kvIqƒ
ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-I. Nn{X-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n®v
B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.
F _n
Aƒ´m-and ho- -in-em-bpKw
NmX¬slm-bp°v {]mNo--in-em-bpKw
FS-°¬ a[y-in-em-bpKw
_msKm¿ Xm{a-in-em-bpKw

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BZy-Ime ap-jy-Po-hnXw22
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS
≠Xp≠v
D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw ap-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
hnhn[ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-
-Øn¬ hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-
®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Kplm- Nn-{X-ßfpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-I-ew sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw
sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
inem-bp-K-tI-{μ-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ignbpw.
inem-bp-K-Øn¬n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-
°p≈ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-ap-≠mb ap-jy-
]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.
ap-jy-N-cn{Xw Hcp XpS¿{]-
{InbbmsW∂pw hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw
Ime-L-´-ßfpw AXn¬ khn-tij ]¶p
hln-®n-´p-s≠∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

24. h¿jw1856. apƒ´m-n¬ n∂v emtlm-dn-te°v Hcp dbn¬∏mX
]Wn-bp-hm≥ {_n´ojpIm¿ Xocp-am-n®p. ]mX-bpsS n¿Ωm-W-
®p-aXe {_¨S≥ ktlm-Zc∑m¿°mbn-cp∂p. kn‘p Zo-X-
SØneq-sS-bmWv Cu ]mX n¿Ωn-t°-≠nbn-cp-∂Xv. aÆnv Dd∏v
Xosc-bn-√. F©no-b¿am-cmb B ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpw sXmgn-em-fn-
Ifpw ITn-m-[zmw sNbvXn´pw dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-
√. ]mX-n¿ΩmWw hgn-ap´n. B ka-b-ØmWv sXm´-Sp-
ØpXs∂bp≈ Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ F©n-o-b¿amcpsS {i≤-
bn¬s∏-´-Xv. √ Dd-∏p-≈hbmbn-cp∂p Ah. dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-
°m≥ ]‰n-b-h. ]ns∂ Xma-kn-®n-√ Cu NpSp-I-´-Iƒ nc-Øn ]mX
n¿Ωn®p.
q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv ne-n∂ al-Ømb Hcp kwkvIm-c-
Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p B NpSp-I-´-Iƒ F∂ Imcyw
sXmgn-em-fn-Itfm F©n-o-b¿amtcm A∂v Adn-™n-√.
]n∂oSv 1921-˛¬ k¿ tPm¨am¿j¬ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv S∂
D¬J-w Hcp al-Ømb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-
ßfmWv B CjvSn-I-Isf∂v Is≠-Øn.
Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS24
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
kn‘p Zn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ ssIh-gn-I-fp-sSbpw
XocsØ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fnemWv Cu kwkvImcw ne-
n∂ncp∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu kwkvIm-cw kn‘p--
Zo-XS kwkvImcw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm-nse
lc∏-bn-em-bn-cp∂p BZysØ D¬J---w S-∂-Xv.
Zbmdmw kmlvnbmbn-cp∂p CXnv tXrXzw ¬In-b-
Xv. kn‘p--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ
lc-∏-bn¬ n∂v e`n-®-Xn-m¬ Cu kwkvImcsØ lc-
∏≥ kwkvImcw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm--nse
Xs∂ taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hn¬ D¬J---߃ S-Øn-bXv
B¿.-Un. _m¿Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwkvIm-csØ kw_-‘n®
]T--߃ Ct∏mgpw S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
kn‘pZo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ D¬J--sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂
Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p≈ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
B¿.Un. _m¿Pn .....................................
.....................................
Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm^v B¿°n-tbm-f-
Pn°¬ k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y
lc∏bn¬ D¬J-w
SØn
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvImcw
]mIn-kvXm--s‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xocw- ap-X¬ DØ¿{]-tZ-inse
AewKo¿]q¿ hscbpw hS°v PΩp-Im-ivao¿ apX¬ sX°v ¿ΩZm
Xocw-h-scbpw lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. _n.kn.C. 2700
apX¬ _n.kn.C. 1700 hsc-bmWv Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
ImeL´ambn s]mXpsh IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.
k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬
Zbmdmw kmlvn
B¿.Un. _m¿Pn
B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y
C¥y-bn¬ ]pcm-hkvXp ]T-
߃°v tXrXzw sImSp-°p-
∂Xv B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybmWv.
{_n´ojv `cWIme-ØmWv
Cu ÿm]w Bcw-`n-®-Xv.
.....................................

26. JT257-2/SocSci-8(M)Vol-1
Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw nco-£n®v kn‘pZo-XS kwkvIm-
c-Øns‚ {][m tI{μ-߃ Dƒs∏SpØn ]´n-I- ]q¿Ønbm°q.
Ah C∂v GsX√mw cmPy-ß-fn-em-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.
lc∏
taml≥-sPm-Zmscm
kpXvIm-P≥tZm¿
AewKn¿]q¿
_hmen
Imen-_w-K≥
temYm¬
t[mfm-hoc
dwKv]q¿
tjm¿´p-Kmbv
]mIn-kvXm≥
C¥y
A^vKm-n-ÿm≥
Xp¿°vsa-n-kvXm≥
XmPn-°n-kvXm≥
ssN
kn‘p--Zo-XS cmPyw kn‘p--Zo-XS cmPyw
kwkvIm-c-tI{μw kwkvIm-c-tI{μw
$ lc∏ $ ]mIn-kvXm≥ $ Imen-_w-K≥ $ C¥y
$ taml≥sPm-Zmscm $ $ temYm¬ $
$ kpXvImP≥tZm¿ $ $ t[mfm-hoc $
$ Aew-Kn¿]q¿ $ $ dwKv]q¿ $
$ _-hmen $ $ tjm¿´p-Kmbv $
$

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS26
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
K-c-khntijXIƒ
sdbn¬th n¿amWsØmgn-em-fn-Isf
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Ah¿°v e`n®
CjvSn-I-IfpsS Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Dd-∏p≈
Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p
lc-∏-bnse K-c-ß-fpsS {][m
{]tXyIX. sI´n-S-ß-sf√mw n¿an-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-
cp∂p. lc∏, taml≥sPm-Zmscm, temYm¬
F∂o K-c-ß-ƒ°v c≠v `mK-߃ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn® K-c-{]-tZiw
Bkq-{Xn-X-amb sXcp-hp-I-fpsS Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-em-
bmWv hoSp-Iƒ n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hoSp-Iƒ hyXykvX
LS--bn-ep-≈-h-bmbncp∂p. NneXv H‰-apdn hoSp-I-
fm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p Nne-Xm-Is´ IqSp-X¬ apdn-Ifpw
hnim-e-amb ap‰hpw InW-dp-I-fp-ap-≈-h-bm-bncp∂p.
IqSmsX F√m hoSp-Iƒ°pw iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fmWv K-c-ß-fpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-
j-X. hoSp-I-fn¬ n∂p≈ aen--Pew Nmep-I-fn-
te°v Hgp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Nmep-Isf K-c-
Ønse {][m Agp-°p-Nm-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-®n-
cp∂p. Ah Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv -n¿Ωn-
®n-cp∂Xv. …m_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah aqSn-bn-cp-
∂p. sNdnb ]´-W-ß-fnepw {Kma-ß-fn¬t∏mepw
sXcp-hv
Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[mw
lc-∏-bnse K-c-߃
]Sn-™m-dp≈ Db¿∂ `mKw `c-Wm-[n-
Imcn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Akwªn lmƒ F∂p Icp-Xp∂ Hcp
henb sI´n-S-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw
ChnsSn∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
Xmgv∂ `mKw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS hmk-ÿe-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hoSp-I-fm-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂
nc-h[n sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃
ChnsSn∂pw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 27
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
anI® Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[mw D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.
taml≥sPmZm-tcm-hn¬n∂v Hcp henb
Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
CXv A°m-esØ P-ß-fpsS n¿am-W-
ssh-`-h-Ønv sXfn-hm-Wv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw
Np´ CjvSn-I-IƒsIm-≠mWv CXv n¿an-®n-
cp∂-Xv.
lc-∏bnse K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬n∂v `c-W-hy-h-ÿ,
kmaq-ln-I-ÿnXn F∂nh kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN--I-fmWv
e`n-°p-∂-Xv?
[my-∏p-c-Iƒ, Irjn
lc-∏-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb K-cm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ {][m--s∏´
H∂mWv [my-∏p-c-Iƒ. [my-߃ DW-°mpw kw`-cn-
°mpap≈ kuIcy߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb sI´n-S-ß-fm-bn-
cp∂p Ah. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, Xn, F≈v, ]b-¿h¿K-߃ XpS-
ßnbhbpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ AhnsS n∂v
e`n-®n´p≠v. KpP-dm-Ønse dwKv]q¿,
temYm¬ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬n∂v s√v
Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-
®n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX ]cp-Ønbpw Irjn sNbvXn-
cp∂p. K-cØnse P-߃ `£-Wm-h-iy-
Ønpw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°p-ambn {Kma-ßsf
B{i-bn-®n-cp∂p. K-c-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z--h-
kvXp-°-fpsS {][m hn]Wn {Kma-ß-fm-
bn-cp-∂p.
l-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ne-n¬∏nv Ahn-SsØ {Kma-߃
hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.
henb Ipfw
kn‘q-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Im-esØ P-߃ hy‡n-
ipNn-Xz-Ønpw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xz-Ønpw ¬Inb
{]m[myw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
[my-∏pcbpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS28
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw
{Kma-ß-fnse Irjn-bn-S-߃ ^e`q-bn-jvTam-bn-
cp∂p. kn‘q-Zn Hgp-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬a-
Æm-bn-cp∂p Cu ^e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v ASn-ÿm-w.
cmP-ÿm-nse Imen-_w-Km-n¬ new DgpXpadn®v
Irjn S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø Ie-∏-
bpsS cq]-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Pe-tk-N--Øn-
p-th≠n Im-ep-Iƒ n¿an-®n-cp-∂p.
Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-s°m∏w arK-]-cn-]m-e-hpw
ne-n-∂n-cp∂p. arK-ß-fpsS F√p-I-fpsS
Ah-in-jvS-߃ [mcmfw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Im≠m-
ar-K-Øn-s‚bpw B-bp-sSbpw Ifn-a¨ cq]-
߃ e`n-®n-´p≠v. Imf, BSv, ]∂n, sNΩcn-
bmSv F∂n-hsb hf¿Ø-nbn-cp∂p.
{Kma-ß-fn¬ an®wh∂ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-
ß-fm-bn-cp∂p [my-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n-®-Xv.
nIp-Xn-bn--Øn¬ e`n-® [myhpw ChnsS
kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. [my-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n®
CØcw [my-߃ K-c-ß-fnse P-߃°v e`y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
sa®-s∏´ Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[mw ne-n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xnv
sXfnhmWv CØcw [my-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ.
lc-∏-bnse [my-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ A°m-esØ `c-W-kw-hn-
[msØ kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN--IfmWv ¬Ip-∂Xv?
I®-hSw
Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KXn ant®m-Xv]m-Z--Ønpw [my-ß-fpsS
kw`-c-W-Ønpw hgn-sX-fn-®p. kw`-cn-°-s∏´ DXv]-∂-ß-
fpsS ssIam-‰-Ønmbn IrXy-amb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Af-hp-Xq° D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ ChnsSn∂v
e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-csØ∏‰n ap≥ ¢mkn¬ N¿®
sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bn¬n∂v e`n® enJn-
Ifn-a¨ Ie∏
PohnIfpsS Ifn-a¨ cq]-߃

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 29
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
X-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ I®-hSw S-Øn-bn-cp∂ saeql F∂ {]tZ-i-
sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. saeql lc-∏-bm-sW-∂mWv Ncn{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lc-∏-bn¬n∂v e`n® saskm-
s∏m-´m-an-b≥ ap{Z-Ifpw Cu I®-hS _‘-Ønv sXfn-hm-Wv.
IS¬h-gn-bp≈ hmWnPytI{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂v temYm¬ Bbn-cp-
∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø ]mbv-°-∏-ens‚
cq]-ßfpw IS¬h-gn-bp≈ I®-h-S-Øns‚
as‰mcp {][m sXfn-hm-Wv.
kn‘q--Zo-XS tI{μ-ß-fn¬n∂v hym]-I-
ambn e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ I®-h-S-Øn-p-th≠n
D]-tbm-Kn-®Xmbn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ mW-b-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xnv sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-a√.
cmP-ÿm-nse tJ{Xn Jn-I-fn¬n∂v
sNºpw A^vLm-n-ÿm-n¬n∂pw at[y-
jy-bn¬n∂pw shfp-Øo-bhpw tiJ-cn-®n-
cp-∂p. sNºpw shfp-Øo-bhpw tN¿Øv
sh¶ew n¿an-®p. sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v D]-
I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw n¿an®p. sh¶-e-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw
lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønv sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImcw F∂ t]cv
tSn-s°m-Sp-Øp.
lc-∏≥ P--X-bpsS -I®-hS _‘-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-
Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
ap{Z-Iƒ
temYm¬
Ic-Iu-i-ehkvXp°fpw sXmgn¬°q-´-ßfpw
lc-∏-bn¬n∂v e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨cq-]-߃, ]m{X-߃, B`-
c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS Ic-hn-cp-Xnv DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
a¨]m{X n¿am-W-Øn-mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Nqf-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-
߃ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a¨]m-{X-ß-fn¬ Ae-¶m-c-]Wn-
Iƒ S-Øn. Ifn-a-Æn¬ arK-cq-]-߃ n¿Ωn-®p. kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-
cq]-ßfpw h≠n-I-fpsS cq]-ßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. sNºv, sh¶-ew,
kz¿Ww F∂n-h- sIm≠p≈ B`-c-W-߃ n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. temYm-
en¬n∂v apØv n¿am-W-tI-{μØns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ
B`-c-W-߃
Ifn-a¨ h≠n-Iƒ

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS30
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ifn-aÆv, sh¶-ew, Ba-tØmSv F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v
hf-Iƒ n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS n¿am-W-Øn¬
sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw lc-∏≥ PX Bbp[ n¿am-
W-Ønv A{X {]m[myw ¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.
lc-∏≥ P-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv ap{Z-
IfpsS n¿an-Xn-bn-emWv. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠pw ine-IƒsIm≠pw ap{Z-
Iƒ n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. taml≥sPm-Zm-scm-hn¬n∂v e`n® ¿ØIn-
bpsS {]Xna CXn-pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A°m-eØv hnhn[
sXmgn¬°q-´-߃ ne-n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xnv sXfn-hmWv hnhn[-
Xcw Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ.
kn‘q--Zo-XS tI-{μ-ß-fn¬n∂v e`n® Nne ap{Z-I-fpsS Nn{X-
ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. CØcw ap{Z-I-fn¬ Nne en]n-
Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ahn-SsØ P-Xbv°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Fgp-
Øp-ssien D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬n∂v a-kn-em-°mw. Cu
en]n-Iƒ hmbn-°m-p≈ {ia-߃ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n-´n-√.
¿ØInbpsS sh¶-e-{]-Xna
a¨]m{Xw
t[mfm-ho-c-bnse kqNm t_m¿Uv
ap{ZIfpw en]nbpw
hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ
lc-∏-bn¬n∂v e`n® ap{Z-I-fn¬n∂v A°m-esØ P-ß-fpsS
hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ifn-a-
Æn¬ n¿an® [mcmfw kv{Xocq-]-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. CXv amXr
ssZhm-cm-[ ne-n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xnv sXfn-hm-Wv. ^e-`q-bn-
jvTX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´m-Wv amXr-ssZ-hm-cm-[ ne-n-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. ChnsSn∂pw e`n® ]pcp-j-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ inev]-߃ BZna

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 31
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
inhs‚ (Proto Siva) inev]-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. arK-ß-sfbpw hr£-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-
∂p. taml≥tPm-Zm-scm-hnse henb Ipfw aX-]-camb NS-ßp-
Iƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-hmsa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.
lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c--Øns‚ XI¿®
GI-tZiw 1700 _n.kn.C tbmsS lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw £bn-®p-
Xp-S-ßn. CXns‚ XI¿®bv-°p≈ Imc-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v
nch[n A`n-{]m-b-߃ ne-n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-XmWv
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:
sh≈-s∏m°w.
]pd-sa-n-∂p≈ B{I-a-W-߃.
h--io-I-cWw.
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®.
]I¿®-hym[nIƒ.
lc-∏-bn¬ n∂pw e`n® ap{Z
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m khn-
ti-j-XIƒ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-m¿
t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°pI.
CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥,
ssNokv kwkvIm-c-߃
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wt√m Ωƒ CXp-
hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu kwkvImcw ne-n∂ AtX-
ImeØv temI-Øns‚ a‰pNne `mK-ß-fn¬ thsdbpw Nne
kwkvIm-c-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-cw, CuPn-]vjy≥
kwkvImcw, ssNokv kwkvImcw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p
Ah. Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb {]tXy-
IX sh¶-e-Øn¬ n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]-I-
amb D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-m¬ Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-
sf√mw s]mXpsh sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.
F¥p-sIm≠v
Zo-X-S-߃
BZn-a-a-p-jy≥ ImSp-sh´n
Irjnne-am-°m-p≈ kmt¶-
Xn-I-hnZy tSn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-
m¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sNØn
shfn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-
fn-emWv Ah≥ BZy-ambn
Irjn-bm-cw-`n-®-Xv. ss¬,
bq{^-´o-kv, kn‘p XpS-ßnb
Zo-X-S-߃ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
sIm≠p-n-d™ ÿe-ß-fm-
bn-cp∂p. hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv,
[mcmfw Pew, I∂p-Im-en-
Iƒ°v tabm≥ ta®n¬∏p-d-
߃ F∂nh ap-jy-hmkw
Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-
°m≥ Imc-W-ambn. Cu Zo-
X-S-߃ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS
Cu‰n-√-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS32
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw
1922 hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Rm≥ CuPn]vXn-seØn. 14˛mw
q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®p acn-®p-t]mb XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂
N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS aΩn- tX-Snbp≈ bm{X. aΩn-I-sfbpw ]ncan-
Up-I-sfbpw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bpsS ]pXnbL´w. CuPn-
]vXns‚ hS°p `mK-Øp≈ Xmgvhc-bn-eqsS. kpZo¿L-
amb Atz-jWw. ]t£ ^e-an-√. {]Xo£ ncm-ibv°p
hgn-am-dn. Ah-kmw hen-sbmcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ Acn-Ip-
tN¿∂v Jw S-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-n-®p.
BImw£ A¤p-X-Ønp hgn-am-dn. `qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v
ofp∂ ]S-hp-Iƒ. ]S-hp-Iƒ ]n∂n-s´-Øn-bXv hen-sbmcp
hmXn-en--cnsI. H∂n-p-]n-dsI as‰m∂v. aq∂m-asØ
hmXn¬ Xpd-∂-t∏m-tg°pw Rm≥ A‘mfn®p-t]m-bn.
Rm≥ Atz-jn-°p∂ N{I-h¿Øn CXm apºn¬
k¿Δm`-cW hn`q-jn-X-mbn A-¥-amb n{Z-bn¬.....
NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw nco-£n®v Cu kwkvIm-c-߃
hf¿∂p-h∂ {]tZ-i-߃ Is≠-Øq:
CuPn]vjy≥
kwkvImcw
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥
kwkvImcw
kn‘q--Zo-XS
kwkvImcw
ssNokv
kwkvImcw
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImc tI{μ-߃

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 33
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
slmhm¿Uv Im¿´¿ F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Is‚ Ub-dn-
°pdn∏v hmbn-®-t√m. Bcm-bn-cp∂p Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ ]cm-a¿in-
°p∂ XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂-dn-bmtam? ]pcm-X CuPn-]vXnse
cmP-mhm-bn-cp∂p XqØ≥Jm-a≥. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-
°-∑m¿ ^tdmh' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. arX-i-cocw tISp-
Iq-SmsX kq£n-°p∂ coXn CuPn]vXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs
kq£n-°-s∏´ arX-i-cocw aΩn' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aΩn-
Iƒ kq£n-®n-cp∂ henb ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fmWv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ. ap-
jym-[zm-hpw kºØpw h≥tXmXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚
sXfn-hmWv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ ne-n∂
CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ a‰v {][m
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v
tm°mw.
CuPn-]vXnse ss¬ -Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv Cu
kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-
cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
ASnØd. sbvØv, kv^SnI ]m{X n¿Ωm-
Ww F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
{]mNo CuPn-]vjy≥ PX Hcp
FgpØphnZy cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
ssltdm-•n^nIvkv' F∂mWv Ah-cpsS
FgpØp-hnZy Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssltdm-
•n^nIvkv F∂m¬ hnip-≤-amb FgpØv'
F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]m∏-ndkv sNSn-bpsS Ce-
I-fmWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
ssltdm-•n^nIvkv en]n
CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ
ssltdm-•n^nIvkv
ssltdm•n^nIvkv en]n BZyambn hmbn®Xv
{^©p ]WvUnXmbncp∂ jwt]mentbm
Bbncp∂p. (1790˛1832) {^m≥knse
`cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ st∏mfnbs‚
CuPn]vXv B{IaWImeØv Ct±lhpw
st∏mfnbtmsSm∏w D≠mbncp∂p.
ss¬ZoapJØp Is≠Ønb hensbmcp
inebnemWv (tdmsk‰) Cu FgpØp≠m
bncp∂Xv. nc¥camb ]cn{ia߃s°m
Sphn¬ Cu en]n hmbns®Sp°m≥ At±l
Ønp Ign™p.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS34
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
imkv{X-cw-KØpw Ah¿ anI® ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
kqcys ASn-ÿm--am-°n-bp≈ Hcp Ie-≠¿ Ah¿ Xøm-dm°n
Hcp h¿jsØ 365 Znh-k-ß-fm-°n IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 30 Znhk-
ß-fp≈ 12 amk-ß-fmbn Hcp h¿jsØ hn`-Pn-®p. _m°n h∂
A©p-Zn-h-k-߃ BtLm-j-߃°mbn am‰n-h-®n-cp-∂p. KWn-
X-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw {]mNo--Cu-Pn-]vXns‚ t´-߃ {it≤-b-
amWv. {XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw F∂n-h-bpsS hnkvXrXn IW-°m-
°m≥ Ah¿°-dn-b-mam-bn-cp-∂p. ng-ens ASn-ÿm--am°n
kabw IW-°m-°p∂ kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw, Pe-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm--Øn¬ kabw n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Pe-L-Sn-Im-cw XpS-ßn-bh
Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nbncp∂p.
{]Xn-am-n¿am-W-Ønepw Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cmbncp∂p. ap-jys‚
Xebpw knwl-Øns‚ DS-ep-ap≈ kv^nwKvkv F∂ {]Xna Ah-
cpsS inev] sshZ-Kv[y-Ønv DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
kv^nwKvkv
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ kwkvImcw
C∂sØ CdmJv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ØmWv saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥
kwkvImcw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. B¿ao-n-b≥ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬n∂v DXv`-
hn®v t]¿jy≥ IS-en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ bq{^-´o-kv, ssS{Kokv Zn-
Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-amWv {]mNo saskm-s∏m-´m-anb. c≠v
Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZiw F∂mWv saskm-s∏m-´m-anb F∂
hm°n-¿∞w.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 35
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
mev hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-߃ saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bn¬ DZbw
sNøp-Ibpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpta-dn-b≥, _m_n-tem-
Wn-b≥, Ako-dn-b≥, Im¬Un-b≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb aÆv Im¿jnI ]ptcmK-
Xnsb klm-bn-®p. CXv I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw K-c-ß-fpsSbpw
hf¿®bv°v CS-bm-°n. D¿, Ddp-°v, eKmjv F∂nh {]mNo
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse {][m K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
K-c-߃ I®-h-S-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-
Ønse P-ß-fp-ambn Ah¿°v I®-h-S-_-‘-߃ D≠m-bn-
cp∂Imcyw Ωƒ tcsØ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. I®-hSw hnImkw
{]m]n-®-tXmsS ssIam-dp∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS IW-°p-Iƒ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn Xo¿∂p. CXv FgpØphnZy-bpsS
hnIm-k-Øn-te°v bn-®p.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse Fgp-Øp-hnZy
IyqWnt^mw' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah-
cpsS en]n-Iƒ°v B∏ns‚ BIr-Xn-bm--bn-cp∂p.
aÆv Ipg®p≠m°nb sNdp-^-e-I-ß-fpsS
anpkap≈ {]XeØnemWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. Iq¿Ø-ap--bp≈ FgpØmWn D]-tbm-Kn®v
Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-p-tijw DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
sNbvX-Xv. CØcw Ifn-a¨ ^e-I-ß-fpsS
h≥tiJcw Xs∂ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. enJn-X-ß-fn¬ `qcn-
`m-Khpw I®-h-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-
Ifnepw Ah¿ {it≤-b-amb t´-߃ ssIh-cn®p.
N{μs‚ NesØ ASnÿm--am°n Hcp
Ie≠dpw Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp h¿jsØ 12 amk-ß-
fmbpw Hcp amksØ 4 BgvN-I-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp Znh-
ksØ 24 aWn-°q-dmbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. KWnX imkv{X-
Ønse lc-Ww, KpW-w, h¿§-aqew F∂n-hbpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ P-X-bpsS imkv{X-cw-KsØ
t´ßƒ kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°p-I.
IyqWnt^mw en]n

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS36
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
ssNokv kwkvImcw
slmbmßvtlm Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv ssNokv
kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-cp∂p
Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. sbvØv,
a¨]m-{X-n¿ΩmWw, ]´phkv{X n¿ΩmWw
F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ hnZKv[cm-bn-cp-∂p.
]pcm-X ssNbnepw FgpØphnZy ne-
n∂n-cp∂p. A£-c-߃°v ]Icw Nn{X-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
]n¬°m-eØv Nn{X-߃°v ]Icw Nn”-߃
ne-hn¬h∂p. {]mNo saskm-s∏m-´man-b-bn-
sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpwt]mse {]mNo
ssN-°mcpw Ie-≠¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
knKp-dm-Øv
ssNokv en]n
{]mNo saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ P-X-bpsS n¿Ωm-W-ssh-`-h-Ønv
sXfn-hmWv knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ (Ziggurats) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
Bcm[meb-߃. K-c-ß-fn-emWv Cu Bcm[meb߃
n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. a¨Iq-Iƒ n¿Ωn®v AXn-p-ap-Ifn¬
CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ]Wn-X-Xv.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 37
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nb Ie-≠-dn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ 365½ Znh-kw
D≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Zo-XS-߃ tI{μ-am°n {]mNo--tem-IØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Nne
kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXXv. sh¶-e-Øns‚
D]-tbm-Kw, Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ic-Iu-i-
e-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw hnIm-kw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, imkv{X-cw-KsØ t´-
߃ XpS-ßn-bh Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂
s]mXpkhntijXIfmWv.
imkv{Xw, Ie, Fgp-Øph-nZy F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse CuPn-
]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥, ssNokv kwkvIm-c-ß-
fpsS t´-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.
_n.kn.C 2700 apX¬ 1700 hsc-bp≈ ImeØv
kn‘pZnbpsSbpw ssIhgnIfpsSbpw XSßfnemWv lc-
∏≥ kwkvImcw nen∂ncp∂Xv.
Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw, sh¶e D]-I-c-W-߃,
Agp°p-Nm-¬, sXcp-hp-Iƒ, [my-∏p-c-Iƒ, hen-b -Ipfw
F∂nh lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m khn-ti-j-X-I-
fm-Wv.
lc-∏≥ PX hyXykvX hnfIƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Im¿jn-I-]p-tcm-KXn I®-h-S-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-te°v
bn®p.
Ic-Iu-ie cwKØv Ah¿ hnZ-Kv≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Ønv ka-Im-enIamb kwkvIm-
c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b, ssNokv
kwkvImc߃
imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw, hmkvXp-inev]w F∂o taJ-e-
I-fn¬ Cu kwkvIm-c-߃ KWy-amb ]ptcm-KXn
ssIhcn®p.

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS38
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ Bhn¿`-hn® {]tZ-i-߃
Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-I-ew sNøp-∂p.
Irjn, Ic-Iu-iew F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse lc-∏≥ P-X-
bpsS t´-߃ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥, ssNokv kwkvIm-
c-ß-fpsS {][m khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw Ah-bpsS t´-ß-
fpw hni-Iew sNøp-∂p.
Zo-X-S-kw-kvImc߃
kn‘p--Zo-XS
kwkvImcw
CuPn-]vjy≥
kwkvImcw
sak-s∏m´m-an-b≥
kwkvImcw
ssNokv
kwkvImcw
K-cm-kq-{XWw
Irjn
Ic-Iu-i-ew, en]n
XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃
ss¬ Zo-XSw
ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv
]nc-an-Up-Iƒ, kv^nwKvkv
Ie-≠¿, kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw,
Pe-L-Sn-Imcw
bq{^-´o-kv, ssS{Kokv Zo-XSw
IyqWnt^mw
knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ
Ie-≠¿, KWn-X-im-kv{X
-cw-KsØ t´-߃
slmbmMvtlm Zo-XSw
Fgp-Øp-hnZy
]´p-XpWn n¿ΩmWw
Ie-≠¿

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 39
Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII
kn‘q--Zo-XS {]tZ-i-ß-fnse BZy-Ime D¬J---ß-sf-
Ip-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.
kn‘q--Zo-XS K-c-Po-hn-XØns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√m-
am-bn-cp∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I.
saml≥sPm-Zmscmbnse henb Ipf-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ {][m
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ GsX√mw?
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvImcw sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-Ønv
DZm-l-c-W-amWv'˛km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
lc∏≥ P-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv
Ah-cpsS ap{Z-I-fpsS n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-emWv. DZm-l-cW klnXw
hy‡-am-°p-I.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ FgpØphnZy-sb-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.
imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ sh¶-e-bpK
kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS t´-߃ hniIew sNøpI.
tImfw F' bn¬ X∂n-´p-≈-htbmSv tbmPn-°p-∂h tImfw
_n' bn¬n∂pw Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI
F _n
tPm¨ am¿j¬ saskm-s∏m-´m-anb
Zbmdmw kmlvn taml≥sPm-Zmtcm
B¿.Un. _m¿Pn lc∏
ssltdm•n-^nIvkv Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm^v
B¿°ntbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿tΔ
Hm^v C¥y
IyqWnt^mw en]n CuPn]vXv

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Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS40
kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw
]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS
≠Xp≠v
kn‘q--Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apJy
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-ew
sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambpw kwkv°m-c
-ß-fp-ambpw ne-n∂ I®-hS
_‘-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
lc-∏-bn¬ ne-n-∂n-cp∂ sXmgn¬
Iq´-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.
FgpØphnZy-bpw koep-Ifpw
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-cßfpsS
{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm≥
Ignbpw.
temI-Ønse hnhn[ sh¶-e-bpK
kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.
sh¶-ebpK kwkvIm-c-߃ ap-jy-
Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬
henb kzm[ow sNep-Øn-sb∂v
t_m[y-am-bn.
Bbnc°W°nph¿jßfpsS alØmb
Ncn{Xss]XrIw C¥ybv°ps≠∂v
t_m[yambn
lc-∏≥ mK-cn-IX hym]n-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse C∂sØ
{][m Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? Atz-jn®v
Is≠-ØpI.
sh¶ebpK-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{X߃
tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

42. Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se tPm-l-∂m-kv-_¿-Kn¬
n-∂pw sX-°p]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂
]-´-W-am-Wv sh-tÃm-Wm-dn-b. CXn--Sp-ØmWv
t]-w-Kv kz¿-Æ-J-n. aq-∂p Zn-h-k-am-bn Rm≥
Cu ]-´-W-Øn-em-Wv J-n k-μ¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-p-
≈ A-p-a-Xn-bpw Im-Øv. HSp-hn¬ J-n-sb-
°p-dn-®p-≈ ^o-®¿ F-∂ B-{K-lw a-d-∂v Xn-cn-
®p ]-d-°m-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ s]-s´-
∂p-X-s∂ H-cp Sm-Iv-kn F-Sp-Øv J-n-bn¬ F-
Øn-t®-cq'' F-∂v Jn am-t-P-cp-sS n¿-t±-iw
t^m-Wn-se-Øn. D-S≥ X-s∂ J-n-bp-sS A-¤p-
X-tem-I-Øn-te-°v Rm≥ ]m-s™-Øn. q-‰n-
aq-∂v n-e-I-fp-≈ ]-Øv Fw]-b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-
Unw-Kp-Iƒ H-∂n-p-ta¬ H-∂m-bn k-¶-ev-]n-®m-
ep-≈{X Db-cw A-{X-bpw B-gap≠v. t]-w-Kv
kz¿-W-J-n-°v. `q-an-bpsS D-≈n¬n-∂pw h-an-
°p-∂ hn-j-hm-X-I-ß-fn¬ n-∂pw c-£t-Sm≥
[-cn-°p-∂ Hm-Iv-kn-t_m-Iv-kvF∂Po-h≥-c-£m
D-]-I-c-W-hpw tSm¿®p-≈ sl¬-a-‰pw Nq-Sn-s
{]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ I-´n-bp-≈ tIm-´pw kp-c-
£m D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ [-cn-°phm≥ X∂p. A-tXm-
sSm-∏w A-h [-cn-t°-≠hn-[-hpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p-
X-∂p. 100 t]-sc-h-sc Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ ti-jn-
bp-≈ F-en-th-‰¿- Im¿ F-∂- hm-l--Øn-
embncp∂p Xm-tg-°p-≈ bm-{X. B-gw Iq-Sn-
b-t∏mƒ NqSv {I-ta-W h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw a¿-±hy-
Xn-bm-waqew sN-hn-Iƒ A-S-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-
Xp. F-en-th-‰-dn-p ap-I-fn¬ n-∂p-≈ {]-Im-i-
am-bn-cp-∂p H-tcsbm-cp {]-Im-i t{km-X- v. H-
cm-bn-cw Nn-¥-I-fpw AXn-te-sd Iu-Xp-I-ß-fp-
am-bn J-n-bp-sS A-¤p-X-tem-IØn-te°v
Rm≥ Xm-gv-∂n-d-ßn.-.-.-
Hcp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ J-n-bn-se Xs‚ A-p-`-h-ßsf kw-_-‘n-®v Fgp-Xnb
Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v hm-bn-®n-t√. `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬n-∂pw D-≈n-te-°v I-S-°p-
tºmƒ F-s¥-√mw am-‰-ß-fm-Wv D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v I-≠-t√m. mw h-kn-°p-∂
`q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d A-¤p-X-ß-fp-sS-sbm-cp I-e-h-d-bm-Wv.
`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn