3. Importance & Benefits of Effective
Communication
Effective Communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about
understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information.
Internal Communication: upward, downward, horizontal
External Communication
Overall Communication Costs: Time is a major factor in overall communication
cost. Other cost includes materials and supplies used.
Downward means : Communication from Manager to Employee.
Upward means: Communication from Manager to Employee.
Vertical means: Conversation between two employees on different hierarchical position.
Horizontal means: Communication between Two individuals on the same heirarchill
4. Benefits of Effective Communication
A valuable Job Requirement: if work is mental rather than manual
An essential for promotion
Challenge of Communication in the global market
Developing the right attitude: ability to communicate effects the
company’s image
Preparing adequately: how to communicate effectively
Becoming Flexible: taking care of diverse workplace
5. Concepts and Problems of
Communication
1) Conventions of Meaning
Communications problems in convention of meaning: symbols must have
same meaning in senders and receivers mind
Symbol is a sign for something that exists in reality; a name is a symbol for a
person
What is the semantic problem? The semantic problem is a problem of linguistic
processing. It relates to the issue of how spoken utterances are understood and,
in particular, how we derive meaning from combinations of speech sounds
(words)
6. Semantic
Triangle
A process of deducing the
meaning of a word.
"A symbol is an item used to
represent other things, ideas,
or events
A Reference is the initial
thought you have associated
with a word.
A Referent is the actual
meaning of the word.
Examples; LOL, ASAP
Connections between signs
and their referents are unique
to each individual
7. Miscommunication occurs when sender and receiver have different meanings
for the symbol used
All theses symbols come from experiences
Such as bimonthly meaning twice a month and every two months
Reactions to denotations, Connotations and Euphemisms:
Denotation: a dictionary meaning of the word; house, car, book etc
Connotations: arouse qualitative judgments or personal reactions; home,
cottage, villa etc
Some words have positive connotations while some have negative inn different
contexts; cheap product or cheap price
8. Perceptions of Reality
Communication Problems in Perceptions of Reality: how we perceive
reality
Abstracting: focusing on some details and omitting others is a process
called abstracting
i) necessary desirable abstract: when limited by time, space etc.
Ii) Slanted statements: personal judgments are kept aside. Unfavourable
aspects are selected.
Iii) Inferring: conclusions drawn from evidence.
Necessary, Desirable inferences: when we send a document by post we
infer it will be delivered on time.
9. Risks of Inferences: inferences may be incorrect. Always get the facts
before taking actions.
Values, Attitudes, and Opinions
A receiver’s attitude towards a message can determine whether it is
accepted, rejected or avoided.
Communication problems involving values, attitudes, and opinions
Favorable or Unfavorable information
Inadequate or incorrect information
Closed Minds: people having rigid views and don’t accept change
10. Sender’s Credibility
Other circumstances affecting attitudes, opinions, responses: if a person is
in bad mood, he/she might not respond
Nonverbal Communication
i) Appearance: the format, neatness and language of a written message
sends a nonverbal message to he readers
ii) Effect on Oral Messages:
a. Personal and surroundings appearance
11. How body language communicates
Body language includes expressions, gestures, posture and movement, smell
and touch, voice and sounds
i) Facial Expressions: eye contact while talking is desirable in united states.
The person whose eyes shift away are thought o be dishonest.
ii) Gestures, postures and movement: these are culture specific.
iii) Smell and Touch: pa on shoulder
iv) Voice and Sounds: loud voice means too much dramatic or urgency
12.
13. How Silence, Time and Space
Communicate
Silence: receiving no answer
Time: when kept awaited or reaching late or on time; give different
meaning in different context
Space: Ideal space in US between two people is 18 inches
The key to effective communication is to be aware of the differences and
symbols.
