This document summarizes a final year project presentation on developing carbon dioxide absorbing concrete using zeolite and construction and demolition (C&D) waste in rigid pavements. The objectives are to prepare an M-40 grade concrete mix with different proportions of C&D waste and zeolite, characterize the materials, determine the physical properties of the mix, and measure the CO2 absorption. A literature review was conducted on previous research regarding use of zeolite and C&D waste in concrete. A mix design was developed and tests will be performed to evaluate properties and CO2 absorption of the concrete mixes. The goal is to develop an affordable, low-carbon concrete that can reduce CO2 emissions from the construction industry.

1. Final Year Project Presentation On
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBING CONCRETE USING
ZEOLITE AND C&D WASTE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SJ.B.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANGALORE
Visveswarayya technological university
Jnana sangama,belgaum
 INTERNAL ADVISOR:
PUNEETH H.C.
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
PRESENTED BY:
KEERTHI J.V
R. CHAITRA
PRITHVEESH K.Y.
ANANYA V.

2. CONTACT
• KEERTHI J V
• E-mail: keerthijv484@gmail.com

3. PRESENTATION FLOW
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE
SURVEY
OBJECTIVES AND
METHODOLOGY
POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES
REFERENCE

4. INTRODUCTION

5. CARBON EMISSION
• There are both natural and human sources of carbon dioxide
emissions. Natural sources include decomposition, ocean release and
respiration. Human sources come from activities like cement production,
deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural
gas.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up the largest share of "greenhouse gases".
The addition of man-made greenhouse gases to the Atmosphere disturbs
the earth's radiative balance. This is leading to an increase in the earth's
surface temperature and to related effects on climate, sea level rise and
world agriculture.

6. CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBING MATERIALS
• Amine scrubbing
• Minerals and zeolites
• Sodium hydroxide
• Lithium hydroxide
• Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system
• Activated carbon
• Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
 Other methods
Many other methods and materials have been discussed for scrubbing carbon
dioxide.
• Adsorption
• Photosynthesis: e.g. Algae based carbon sink
• Polymer membrane gas separators
• Reversing heat exchangers

7. ZEOLITE
• Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as
commercial adsorbents and catalysts. Zeolites occur naturally but are also
produced industrially on a large scale. Every new zeolite structure that is
obtained is examined by the International Zeolite Association Structure
Commission and receives a three letter designation.
• Zeolites have a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety
of cations, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and others. These positive ions are
rather loosely held and can readily be exchanged for others in a contact
solution. Some of the more common mineral zeolites
are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite,
and stilbite. An example of the mineral formula of a zeolite is:
Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O, the formula for natrolite. These cation exchanged zeolites
possess different acidity and catalyse several acid catalysis.
• Natural zeolites form where volcanic rocks and ash layers react with alkaline
groundwater. Zeolites also crystallize in post-depositional environments over
periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow marine basins.
Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying
degrees by other minerals, metals, quartz, or other zeolites. For this reason,
naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial
applications where uniformity and purity are essential.

8. A form of thomsonite (one of the rarest
zeolites) from India
Natrolite from Poland Synthetic zeolite
A combination specimen of four zeolite
species. The radiating natrolite crystals
are protected in a pocket with associated
stilbite. The matrix around and above the
pocket is lined with small, pink-colored
laumontite crystals. Heulandite is also
present as a crystal cluster on the
backside

9. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
• Demolition sites & restoration schemes are large amounts of solid waste.
• Recycling of concrete & other building materials is difficult
&uneconomical.
• It is possible to reuse most of the building materials & components.
• As the volume of demolition waste is huge allowing the waste to be
crushed, processed, & reused as aggregate in building works.
• The recycling of construction materials like concrete, timber , glass, &steel
is primarily an attempt to reduce the cost of production of new materials
& construction & also reduce the consumption of natural resources.

10. CONCRETE:
• Concrete is one of the most important construction material.Approximately one ton of
concrete is used per capita per year throughout the world.Recycling of concrete reduces
• Cost of aggregates
• Disposal costs
• Environmental damage
• Consumption of natural resources &
• Valuable landfill space Recycled coarse aggregates may be more durable than virgin
material. It can also be used in residential construction
SANITARY WARE:
If sanitary ware are chipped (or) cracked(or)otherwise damaged are advised to crush and use
them
as construction infill (or) as filler in concrete. Pozzolanic value of such crushed & powdered
sanitary
ware, is a desirable property in concrete mixes.

12. LITERATURE REVIEW
UKIERI Concrete Congress –Sudarshan D. Kore et.al.,
Marble industry produces large amount of waste during mining and processing stages.
This waste is dumped on open land which creates lot of environmental as well as health
problems. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize this waste material as a construction
material in
concrete production. In this study, the experimental investigations were carried out to
examine the feasibility of use of marble waste as a coarse aggregate in concrete.
Natural
coarse aggregate was replaced by marble aggregate in different percentages 0%- 100%
by
weight in concrete. The water-cement ratio of 0.55 was kept constant for all the mixes.
From
the test results it was observed that, the workability, compressive strength and
permeability
increased with increase in substitution of marble aggregate.

13. Kevin Miller, Director,et.al. Green Building Council of
Australia
Buildings and their users are responsible for almost a quarter of
Australia’s greenhouse
emissions. The energy embodied in existing building stock in Australia is
equivalent to ten years of the nation’s energy consumption. Choice of
materials and design principles has a significant, but previously
unrecognised, impact on the energy required to construct a building.
Embodied
energy is one measure of the environmental impact of construction and
of the effectiveness of
recycling, particularly for CO2 emissions

14. Meysam Najimi et.al. (2012)
studied the application of natural zeolite as a supplementary
cementitious material has been investigated. To this aim, some mechanical
and durability properties of concrete made with 15% and 30% of natural
zeolite are studied in comparison with concrete without natural zeolite
replacement. The results revealed considerable effectiveness of natural
zeolite application on water penetration, chloride ion penetration,
corrosion rate and drying shrinkage of concrete; however, satisfactory
performance was not observed in acid environment. Altogether, from the
practical point of view, the incorporation of 15% natural zeolite was found
as an appropriate option for improving strength and durability properties of
concrete .
Balraj More,et.al., The recent trends in technologies are leading to
tremendous increase in pollution. Hence it is need of time to reduce the
pollution otherwise consequences will be devastating. The zeolite made
concrete is capable of absorbing CO2 without any emission of it.
Otherwise general concrete evolve huge amount of CO2 into the
atmosphere. The zeolite concrete block of size 10x10x10 cm has ability to
absorb around 1 mole of CO2 in 50 days. This property does not lose its
strength and durability. Hence it can be used at any place without any
doubt. This type of block is affordable and hence can be used .

15. Syed Eashan Adil,et.al. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology
As it is been found that obtuse quantity of CO2 get expelled from
construction; impeding it would definitely reduce total percentage of CO2
emission. This emission should be stopped and CO2 from the air must be
diminished putting this as a main soul we are designing a concrete (which is
main constituent of construction) by taking Zeolite as a rationale. This Zeolite
substitute for cement will consequently absorb the CO2. Zeolite is
manufactured in factories. This kind of material has property to absorb CO2
with incredible strength. Because of this nature this material can be
substituted in place of cement. This type of material is easily available in
market. As the material literally costly even here the replacement is made
only up to certain extent so that this will be affordable. Deliberating all these
problems and properties of this material we are making this CO2 absorbing.
Rather than disposing such materials, utilization in various types of cement of
concrete such as “ CO2 absorbing concrete” can ultimately reduce the
environment pollution and also help to establish CO2 less zonal atmosphere.

16. OBJECTIVES AND
METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES
 To prepare an M-40 concrete mix with different proportions of C&D
waste and zeolite.
 To characterize the materials.
 To determine the physical properties of the mix prepared.
 To measure the absorption of CO2 and examine the effect of zeolite
addition.

17. METHODOLOGY
Stage 1:
• collection of materials
• Characterization of materials.
Stage 2:
• Preparation of base concrete mix as per IRC-44 standards.
• Preparation of M-40 concrete with various properties of C&D waste and zeolite.
Stage 3:
Determination of physical properties
fresh properties
• slump test
• penetration test
• compacting factor test
hardened properties
• flexural strength test
• fatigue strength test
• compression test
Stage 4:
measurement of Co2 absorption
Stage 5:
conclusion and discussion

18. PROGRESS
Mix design M40 Grade designed as per IS 10262:2009 & IS
456:2000
Mix proportioning for a concrete of M40 grade is given in A·I to A-ll.
A·I STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
a) Grade designation : M40
b) Type of cement : OPC 53 Grade conforming IS 12269
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
d) Minimum cement content : 360 kg/m3
(IS 456:2000)
e) Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.40 (Table 5 of IS 456:2000)
f) Workability : 100-120mm slump
g) Exposure condition : Moderate (For Reinforced Concrete)
h) Method of concrete placing : Pumping
j) Degree of supervision : Good
k) Type of aggregate : Crushed Angular Aggregates
m) Maximum cement content : 420 kg/m3
n) Chemical admixture type : Super Plasticizer ECMAS HP 890

19. A-2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
• a) Cement used : OPC 53 Grade conforming IS 12269
• b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
• c) Chemical admixture : Super Plasticizer conforming to IS 9103 (ECMAS
HP 890)
• d) Specific gravity of
• Coarse aggregate 20mm : 2.67
• Fine aggregate : 2.65
• GGBS : 2.84 (JSW)
• e) Water absorption:
• Coarse aggregate : 0.5 %
• Fine aggregate (M.sand) : 2.5 %
• f) Free (surface) moisture:
• Coarse aggregate : Nil (Absorbed Moisture also Nil)
• Fine aggregate : Nil
• g) Sieve analysis:
• Coarse aggregate: Conforming to all in aggregates of Table 2 of IS 383
• Fine aggregate : Conforming to Grading Zone II of Table 4 of IS 383

20. A-3 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING f’ck =fck + 1.65 s
Where, f’ck = target average compressive
strength at 28 days,fck = characteristics
compressive strength at 28 days, and
standard deviation
From Table I of IS 10262:2009, Standard Deviation, s = 5 N/mm 2
. Therefore, target
strength = 40 + 1.65 x 5 = 48.25 N/mm2
.
A-4 SELECTION OF WATER•CEMENT RATIO
Adopted maximum water-cement ratio = 0.36
From the Table 5 of IS 456 for Very severe Exposure maximum Water Cement Ratio is 0.40
0.36 < 0.40 Hence ok

21. A-5 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
A-6 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Adopted w/c Ratio = 0.36
Cement Content = 151/0.36 = 420 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456, Minimum cement content for ‘Very severe’ exposure
conditions 360kg/m3
420 kg/m3
> 360 kg/m3
hence ok.
From Table 2 of IS 10262:2009, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 litre
. Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186+ (6/186) = 197 litre.
(Note: If Super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced upto 20% and above.)
Based on trials with Super plasticizer water content reduction of 23% has been
achieved, Hence the arrived water content = 197 -[197 x (23/100)] = 151 litre.

22. A-7 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE
AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE
CONTENT
From Table 3 of (IS 10262:2009) Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20
mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 =0.62 .
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.44. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate
is required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-
cement ratio is lower by 0.06. The proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is
increased by 0.02 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in water-cement
ratio).
Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement
ratio of 0.44 = 0.65
NOTE – In case the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required to be increased suitably based on experience & Site
conditions.

23. For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced up to 10%.
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate =0.65 x 0.9 =0.585
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.585= 0.415
A-8 MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = [Mass of cement] /
c) {[Specific Gravity of Cement] x 1000}
=420/{3.1
5 x 1000}
=0.133m3
d) Volume of water = [Mass of water] / {[Specific Gravity of water] x 1000}
= 151/{1 x 1000}
= 0.151m3
d) Volume of chemical admixture = 1.89 litres/ m 3
(By Trial and Error Method used
0.4% by the weight cement)

24. d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b+c+d)]
= [1-(0.133+ 0.151+ 0.0045)]
= 0.7115 m3
f) Mass of coarse aggregate= e x Volume of Coarse Aggregate x Specific Gravity
of Fine Aggregate x 1000
= 0.7115x 0.585 x
2.67 x 1000 =
1111kg/m3
g) Mass of fine aggregate= e x Volume of Fine Aggregate x Specific
Gravity of Fine Aggregate x 1000
= 0.7115 x 0.415 x
2.60 x 1000 =
768kg/m3

25. A-9 MIX PROPORTIONS
Cement = 336 kg/m3
GGBS = 84 kg/m3
(20% By Total weight of Cement)
Water = 151 l/m3
Fine aggregate = 768 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate 20mm = 889 kg/m3
12mm = 222 kg/m3
(20% By Total weight of Coarse
Aggregate) Chemical admixture = 1.89 kg/m3
(0.4% by
the weight of cement) Density of concrete = 2451 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio = 0.41,Mix Proportion By weight = 1:1.83:2.65

26. NOTE – Aggregates should be used in saturated surface dry condition. If otherwise,
whencomputing the requirement of mixing water, allowance shall be made for the
free (surface) moisture contributed by the fine and coarse aggregates. On the other
hand, if the aggregates are dry the amount of mixing water should be increased by an
amount equal to the moisture likely to be absorbed by the aggregates. Necessary
adjustments are also required to be made In mass of aggregates. The surface water
and percent water absorption of aggregates shall be determined according to IS 2386
A-10 The slump shall he measured and the water content and dosage of admixture
shall beadjusted for achieving the required slump based on trial , if required. The mix
proportions shall he reworked for the actual water content and checked for durability
requirements.

27. A-11 Two more trials having variation of ± 10 percent of water-cement ratio in A-10 shall
be
carried out and a graph between three water-cement ratios and their corresponding
strengths shall he plotted to work out the mix proportions for the given target strength for
field trials. However, durability requirement shall be met.

28. TESTS CONDUCTED FOR CO2 MEASUREMENT BY ZEOLITE
aninletandoutletvalve.Apressuremeterwithapressurereleasevalvewasalsofixedtorelease
theexcesspressureinthechamberasshownin
CarbonationChamberThemetalliccarbonationchamberwasmadeof

29. PhenolphthaleintestThephenolphthaleintestwasdoneonthechoppedoffpartofthecubeby
sprayingthephenolphthaleinsolution.ThecolourlesspartdepictstheabsorptionofCO2asshownin
Figure.CO2curedandWatercuredconcretecubesTheleftcubeshowsthecolourlesspartwhich
showstheCO2absorbedinthecube.TherightcubeshowsnopenetrationofCO2asthereis
absenceofcolourlesspart.

30. POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
• Since, using C&D waste moves towards sustainability, absorption of CO2 will be done; CO2 absorbing
material is produced as well.
• The main reasons for increase of volume of demolition concrete / masonry waste are as follows:-
i. Many old buildings, concrete pavements, bridges and other structures have overcome their age and
limit of use due to structural deterioration beyond repairs and need to be demolished;
ii. The structures, even adequate to use are under demolition because they are not serving the needs in
present scenario;
iii. New construction for better economic growth;
iv. Structures are turned into debris resulting from natural disasters like earthquake, cyclone and floods
etc.
v. Creation of building waste resulting from manmade disaster/war
• The zeolite block can be used in the road pavements, Chimney of factory as well as at the faces of building.
Apart from that construction industry contribute 70% of the total CO2 expelling. As while cement production
and at the time of curing of the structure it will get evolved into atmosphere.
• The results would have been better on application of pressurized CO2 and moist temperature which is more
favourable CO2 curing. Channelization of waste CO2 for curing of concrete in precast plants for its stable
sequestration is a way of reducing pollution. The outlook of CO2 as waste and pollutant would change as a
resource for progressive construction.

31. REFERENCES
• UKIERI Concrete Congress –Concrete Research Driving Profit And Sustainability
Behavior of Concrete Using Marble Waste as Coarse Aggregate.
Sudarshan D. Kore1 and A. K. Vyas2 1Research Scholar and 2Professor in Department of civil
engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India
• Australian Ethical Investment: best practice waste management at Trevor Pearcey House:
Kevin Miller, Director, Collard Clarke and Jackson Architects Robin Mellon, Executive Director,
Advocacy and International, Green Building Council of Australia
• Meysam Najimi et.al. (2012) studied the application of natural zeolite as a
supplementary cementitious material has been investigated.
• Balraj More, Pradeep Jadhav, Vicky Jadhav, Giridhar Narule, Shahid Mulani studied that the
zeolite made concrete is capable of absorbing CO2 without any emission of it.
• Syed Eashan Adil, A Vasudev, P Vinay Kumar and A Santhosh
Reddy, Study on CO2 Absorbing Concrete, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1778-1784.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
• UKIERI Concrete Congress –Concrete Research Driving Profit And Sustainability
Behavior of Concrete Using Marble Waste as Coarse Aggregate. Sudarshan D. Kore1
and A. K. Vyas2 1Research Scholar and 2Professor in Department of civil engineering
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India

32. • Er. K. JeganMohan studied on Partial Replacement of Zeolite with Cement Zeolites also
crystallize in post depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions
of years in shallow marine basins.
• F. Canpolat et.al.(2003) studied the effects of zeolite, coal bottom ash and fly ash as Portland
cement replacement materials on the properties of cement are investigated through three
different combinations of test.