2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DOM
MICROSCOPE PARTS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ERGONOMICS WORKING POSITION
USES OF MICROSCOPE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4. DENTAL OPERATING MICROSCOPE
In 1999, Gary Carr, introduced an OM that had Galilean
optics and that was ergonomically configured for dentistry,
with several advantages that allowed for easy use of the scope
for nearly all endodontic and restorative procedures.
This OM had a magnification changer that allowed for:
- 5 discrete magnifications (magnification 3.5–30),
- a stable mounting on either the wall or ceiling,
- angled binoculars allowing for sit-down dentistry,
configured with adapters for an assistant’s scope and video or
35-mm cameras
9. RUBBER DAM & MIRROR PLACEMENT
(A) Inadequate level of magnification and mirror position. (B) Adequate
magnification
to position mirror. (C) Adequate mirror position. Notice the flex of the mirror staff.
(D)
10.
11. MICROSCOPE PARTS
Eyepieces
Binoculars
Magnification changer
Focusing knob
Objective lens
Beam splitter
External monitor
Picture & video adapters
Digital picture camera
Video camera
12. EYEPIECES
3 types – depending on quality and
optical aberration correction
properties:
Huygens(H),the most simple and
cheap
Wide field (WF),with good vision in
all the field, edges included
Plössl (PL),the most sophisticated
and high quality with good
correction of all optical aberrations.
Available with 6.3,10,12.5,16,20
magnification powers & adjustable
diopter setting & rubber cups.
Occular differ in magnification,but
basically they all have a diopter
scale and rubber cups.users wearing
spectacles can adjust then or
introduce their own eye data into
the diopter scale,so they work at the
microscope without glasses
13. BINOCULARS
Function – to project an intermediate image into the
focal plane of the eyepieces-set at the inter pupillar
distance.
Separation of the light beams is what producers the
stereoscopic effect that allows depth perception.
14. Schematic of the
stereoscopic microscope’s
operation .after the light
reaches the surgical field ,it
is reflected back through
the objective lens ,through
the magnification changer
lenses,through the
binoculars and then exists
to the eye as two separate
beams of light
15. Inclined binoculars are adjustable for positions up to and
sometimes beyond 180degress.
16. Other ergonomic tools are the C code beam splitter and
the Carr extender. These bring the binoculars away from
the microscope and closer to the surgeon
(a)The carr extender
17. Comparison of use of (a) flat beam splitter ,with a
more forward operator’s back position,(b)C code
beam splitter that allows a straight back
18. Other lateral adjustments may be made with the
Mechanical Optical Rotating Assembly (MORA)on the
Pico Zeiss microscope.
This mechanical optical rotating
assembly allows a 25 degree tilting
of the microscope body with
respect to the binoculars ,to
accommodate the surgeon in the
area of working
19. MAGNIFICATION CHANGER
Located in the microscope body , the changer holds the
lenses that magnify the image in three or five steps
manually .
21. FOCUSING KNOB
The manual focusing knob changes the distance between the
microscope lens and the surgical field . Motorized focusing is
controlled by the inner ring and moves the objective lens closer
to or away from the surgical field.
Knobs for manual fine
focus control(yellow arrow)
&manual magnification
changer (red arrow)
(a)Inner ring ,(b) handle controls
for both fine motorized focus and
magnification
22. OBJECTIVE LENS
The focal length of the objective lens determines the distance
between the lens and the surgical field.
The closer the objective lens to the surgical field ,the higher
the final magnification at each step and the smaller the
diameter of the surgical field will be – but also, the smaller the
space for passing instruments and the greater likelihood of the
objective lens being splashed.
In contrast ,objective lenses with longer focal lengths have
smaller magnification at each step,but allow more room for
cords and instruments passing between the operating field and
the lens and reduced splashing possibility.
23. A variety of objective lenses are available with focal
lengths ranging from 100 mm to 400 mm .
25. BEAM SPLITTER
(a),(b) straight beam splitter
between the microscope body
and binoculars send the
surgical field image to
documentation accessories.
various percentage of light
can be sent to the
accessories.there are virtual
splitters that take only 3.5%of
the light
(a),(b)this 45 degree
inclined C splitter between
the microscope body and
binoculars send the
surgical field image to the
documentation accessories
26. Co-observation tube , digital picture
camera , video camera attached to
the beam splitter
27. EXTERNAL MONITOR OR CO-
OBSERVATION TUBE
External monitor-Four handed dentistry
Co-observation tube-six handed dentistry
PICTURE AND VIDEO ADAPTERS
29. ADVANTAGES
Increased diagnostic power
Broader therapy treatment spectrum
Reduced trauma
-Increases the patient comfort-reduce tissue trauma & post
op pain and inflammation-healing is faster
Marketing benefits to the surgeon’s professional practice
32. DENTAL CHAIR POSITION
Maxillary teeth in the range of operators fingers-
sufficient space for legs below µscope above.
If dental chair is too high-shoulder pain results because
there is no arm support , if it is too low , then back pain.
SURGEON’S POSITION
34. WORKING POSITION
MAXILLARY RIGHT PREMOLARS AND
MOLARS
Dental chair: slightly elevated
, surgical site is low to the
microscope
Surgeon position: 11-12 o’
clock
Microscope position: angled
down the axial plane of the
roots
Patient head position : facing
slightly to the left for
premolars & lying on his left
side for molars ; mandible
right lateral extrusion.
35. MAXILLARY INCISORS AND
CANINES
Dental chair:45 degrees
elevated , surgical site is low to
the microscope
Surgeon position: 11-12 o’
clock
Microscope position: angled
down the axial plane of the
roots
Patient head position: occlusal
plane 45 degree to the floor :
patient looking ahead.
36. MAXILLARY LEFT PREMOLARS
AND MOLARS
Dental chair :slightly elevated,
surgical site is low to the
microscope
Surgeon position: 11-12 o’
clock
Microscope position: angled
down the axial plane of the
roots
Patient head position: facing
slightly to the right for
premolars & lying on his right
side for molars ; mandible right
lateral extrusion.
37. MANDIBULAR RIGHT
PREMOLARS AND MOLARS
Dental chair: slightly elevated,
surgical site is low to the
microscope
Surgeon position: 8-9 o’ clock
Microscope position: angled up
the axial plane of the roots
Patient head position : facing
slightly to the left
38. MANDIBULAR INCISORS AND
CANINES
Dental chair: slightly elevated
, surgical site is higher to the
microscope
Surgeon position: 8-9 o’ clock
Microscope position: angled
up the axial plane of the roots
Patient head position: looking
straight ahead
39. MANDIBULAR LEFT PREMOLARS
AND MOLARS
Dental chair : horizontal,
surgical site is low to the
microscope
Surgeon position: 8-9 o’ clock
Microscope position: angled
up the axial plane of the roots
Patient head position : lying on
the right side with the head
turned up.
40. The Use of the Operating Microscope
inEndodontics
Gary B. Carr– Dent Clin N Am 2010
THE LAWS OF ERGONOMICS
An understanding of efficient workflow using an OM
entails knowledge of the basics of ergonomic motion.
Ergonomic motion is divided into 5 classes of motion:
Class I motion: moving only the fingers
Class II motion: moving only the fingers and wrists
Class III motion: movement originating from the elbow
Class IV motion: movement originating from the
shoulder
Class V motion: movement that involves twisting or
bending at the waist.
41.
42.
43. This unbalanced position ,with forward inclination from
the waist with diaphragm compression ,affects hips ,
shoulders and neck : the right hip advancement and
rotation ; left shoulder’s elevation & advancement ;
rotation & right shoulder depression ,backward and
posterior rotation ;improper positioning of elbow ,wrist
and fingers .executive muscles are working as stable
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. (A) Intermediary magnification of endodontic access on tooth No. 15 (note there is
no sign of canals). (B) Dentin smear resulted from ultrasonic instrumentation of
pulp
floor. (C) Groove produced after ultrasonic usage. (D) Mesiobuccal (MB) and
second MB
60. REFERENCES
Endodontic microsurgery – Enrique M.Merino
The Use of the Operating Microscope inEndodontics
Gary B. Carr– Dent Clin N Am 2010
Micro‐endodontics: Aggrandizement of root canal treatment-Sameer
d jain1-International Dental Journal of student’s research| June‐Sep
2012| Volume 1| Issue 2
Magnification and illumination in apical surgery-Richard
Rubinstein-Endodontic Topics 2005, 11, 56–77
Use of the Microscope in Endodontics: Results of a Questionnaire-
Daniel D. Kersten, DDS, Pete Mines, DDS, and Mark Sweet, DDS-
JOE—Volume 34, Number 7, July 2008
61. The Effect of the Dental Operating Microscope on the Outcome of
Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment: A Retrospective Case-control
Study Navid Khalighinejad, DDS et al-J Endod 2017
The microscope and endodontics Syngcuk Kim, DDS, MPhil, PhD,
MD(hon)a,*,Seungho Baek, DDS, PhDb-Dent Clin N Am 48 (2004)
11–18
The impact of operating microscope on the outcome of endodontic
treatment performed by postgraduate students-monica monea,
associate professor, DMD, phd et al -European Scientific Journal
September 2015 edition vol.11, No.27
Operating microscope in endodontics: A systematic review Carla
Cabral dos Santos Accioly Lins1et al -Open Journal of Stomatology,
2013, 3, 1-5
The impact of loupes and microscopes on vision in endodontics-P.
Perrin, K. W. Neuhaus & A. Lussi-International Endodontic Journal,
47, 425–429, 2014
The role of microendodontics in the treatment of difficult cases such as
C-shaped orifice of mandibular second molar with 5 canals-Harry Huiz
Peeters-- Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2008;20(3):186-89.