Treatment of solid waste, solid waste management

1.  Thermal Processing of Solid Wastes
 Combustion Systems
 Pyrolysis
 Gasification
 Case Studies
 Conclusion

2. “it can be defined as the conversion of wastes into
gaseous, liquid and solid production, with or without
energy valorization.”
Thermal processes with respect to air
requirements:
 combustion
 gasification
 pyrolysis

3.  Combustion is occurred by stoichiometric
amount of oxygen or excess air.
 Gasification is the partial combustion of
materials, thus materials convert to
combustible gases (such as carbon
monoxide, hydrogen, and gaseous
hydrocarbons).
 Pyrolysis can be defined as destructive
distillation; materials are combusted with
absence of oxygen.

5. Combustion systems (Incinerators) are
involves the application of combustion
processes under controlled conditions to
convert waste materials to inert mineral
ash and gases. Types of incinerators;
 Fixed-Hearth Incinerators
 Rotary Kiln Incinerators
 Refuse Derived Fuel Incinerators
 Fluidized Bed Incinerator

6.  Pyrolysis recycling is a non combustion heat
treatment that chemically decomposes waste
material by applying heat (directly or
indirectly) to the waste material in an oxygen
free environment.
 It is an endothermic reaction and requires an
input of energy, which is typically applied
indirectly through the walls of the reactor in
which the waste material is placed for
treatment.

7.  the thermo-chemical conversion of a solid or
liquid carbon-based material (feedstock) into
a combustible gaseous product (combustible
gas).
 Direct gasification occurs when an oxidant
gasification agent is used to partially oxidize
the feedstock.
 Indirect gasification occurs without an
oxidizing agent and needs an external energy
source.

10.  Gasification of municipal solid waste in the
Plasma Gasification Melting (PGM)
process from Israel.
 Co-gasification of solid waste and lignite
from Western Macedonia.

11. Plasma Gasification Melting Process
The combination of plasma melting and high-
temperature agent gasification.
Western Macedonia Plant -Co-gasification
Direct co-gasification (Integrated gasification
combined cycle) unit utilizing lignite and solid
wastes in the form of RDF. In direct
gasification, coal and solid wastes or biomass
are mixed and then fed to the gasification
unit.

12.  The designed capacity of the plant is 20 tons of
MSW per day.
 MSW is fed through airtight feeding chambers.

14.  The annual production of lignite is around
60 million tons, out of which 48 million tons
derive from the coalfields of WMP.
 The annual amount of municipal solid
waste in WMP is 117,000 ton.
 RDF was selected instead of MSW
because of its better quality
characteristics.
 RDF and lignite mixture in the form of
pellets with 75:25 mass proportions.

17. Syngas compositions

18.  Power generation is accomplished by 67%
in the gas turbine and by 33% in the steam
turbine.
 The overall efficiency of the unit is 47%,
while internal power consumption is up to
7.5%.

19.  Feeding high-temperature steam into the PGM reactor greatly
increased syngas yield, with even higher gas LHV.
 The technology of co-gasification can result in very clean and
efficient power plants using a range of fuels, but there are
considerable economic, environmental and technical
challenges.
 Concerning the environmental benefits, the operation of an
co-gasification unit in the region of Western Macedonia will
contribute to the reduction of CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions,
compared to a conventional combustion unit utilizing lignite of
the same quality.
 The main disadvantage of this plant is the need for a cleanup
system for the control of corrosive gas phase compounds
such as tar, acid gas and alkali metals.

20.  Belgiorno, V., Feo, G. D., Rocca, C. D., Napoli, R.M.A. (2003), Energy from
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Combustion of refuse-derived fuel in a fluidised bed, Chemical Engineering
Science 62, pp.627 – 635
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gasification of solid waste and lignite – A case study for Western
Macedonia, Waste Management 28, pp.1263–1275
 Qinglin Zhang, Q., Dor, L., Fenigshtein, D., Yang, W., Blasiak, W. (2012),
Gasification of municipal solid waste in the Plasma Gasification Melting
process, Applied Energy 90, pp.106–112
 Tae-Heon Kwak, T. H., Lee, S., Maken, S., Shin, H. C., Jin-Won Park, J. W.,
Yoo, Y. D. (2005), A Study of Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste Using a
Double Inverse Diffusion Flame Burner, Energy & Fuels 19, pp.2268-2272
 Tchobanoglous, G.; Theisen, H. & Vigil, S. A. (1993). Integrated Solid
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063237-5, Singapore