ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOHYTHANE PRODUCTION

1. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOHYTHANE
PRODUCTION
Submitted by
Kamal Pandey
32012109
Submitted to
Dr. S.K. Patidar
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra

2. Content
•Introduction
•Properties and advantages of biohythane
•Methodology
•Factors affecting biohythane production
•Literature review
•Case study
Results
•Recent trends and prospects
•Research gap
•Conclusion
•References
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3. Introduction
•Air pollution and depletion of energy reserves a big challenge.
•Need for alternative sources of energy for sustainable development.
•Biofuels such as hydrogen and methane - a potential alternative.
• A blend of 5-25% H2 and 75-95% CH4 by volume is called hythane
or enriched methane.
•The term Bio-Hythane indicates that both H2 and CH4 were produced
from bio resources.
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4. Properties and advantages of biohythane
•Eco friendly biofuel.
•High flammability range.
•Higher theoretical energy recovery.
•Lowers stress on our non renewable sources.
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5. Methodology
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Bio resource
(Organic
substrate)
Methane
Hydrogen
First stage
anaerobic
digestion/ dark
fermentation
Second stage
anaerobic digestion
Biohythane
(H2 + CH4)
Methanogenesis
Hydrogenic
effluent
i. Hydrolysis
ii. Acidogenesis
iii. Acetogenesis
Figure: two stage process for biohythane production

6. 6
• Affects microbial
growth
• Control enzymatic
machinery
• pH different for both
the reactors.
• Influences nutritional
requirement.
• Influences
Characterstics of
microbial cell
• Industrial
• Agriculture
• Kitchen
• Aquatic
• For getting higher
product yield
• Feedstock and
inoculum should be pre
treated
pretreatment
Type of
biowaste
pH
temperature
Factors
affecting
biohythane
production

7. Literature review
C. Cavinato et al. (2012) • Biohythane production from food waste.
• Dark fermentation coupled with anaerobic
digestion process:
• Recirculation of digested sludge.
• No pH maintaining chemical were used.
F. Micolucci et al. (2014) • Automatic process control for stable bio-hythane
production.
• With the help of variable re-circulation flow,
steady-state conditions were created and the
model/system produced biohythane.
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8. 8
•Wantanasak Suksong et al. (2015) • Palm oil mill effluent (POME) along with empty fruit
bunches (EFB) and decanter cake (DC) can be co-
digested by two-stage anaerobic digestion for the
production of biohythane.
• Can be implemented on large scale.
Costa et al. (2015) • Biohythane production from marine macroalgae
Sargassum sp. coupling dark fermentation and
anaerobic digestion.
• Anaerobic granular sludge from brewery industry
was used as inoculum.
Meenu Hans et al. (2018) • Biohythane production in one-stage and two-stage
anaerobic digestion system
Lunprom S, et al.(2018) • Bio-hythane production from residual biomass of
Chlorella sp. biomass through a two-stage anaerobic
digestion

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Bolzonella, et al. (2018) • Co-digestion of food waste and sewage slude to
improve yield of biohythane
• Automobile sector
Lay C-Hetal. (2019) • Recent trends and prospects in biohythane research
• Economic consideration
• Process scale up.
Chakali Prashanth et al. (2020) • Bio-Hythane Production from Organic Fraction of
Municipal Solid Waste in Single and Two Stage
Anaerobic Digestion Processes.
• Gas chromatography was used for quantification.
Zhang et al. (2020) • Cohesive strategy and energy conversion efficiency
analysis of bio-hythane production from corncob
powder by two-stage anaerobic digestion process

10. Case study
•Biohythane production from residual biomass of Chlorella sp.
biomass through a two-stage anaerobic digestion.
•Bio-hydrogen was produced using anaerobic sludge granules (from
Khon Kaen Brewery Co., Ltd. Khon Kaen, Thailand )as an inoculum
•These granules were kept in the endo nutrient of chlorella sp. for 72
hours.
•These granules were used without heat treatment for the second
process i.e. methane production.
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11. Results
Total Sugar,
non pretreated
residual
biomass, 9.5
Total Sugar,
control, 9.7
Total Sugar,
acid, 9.6
Total Sugar,
thermal, 21.6
Total Sugar,
acid-thermal,
47.1
Reduced
sugar, non
pretreated
residual
biomass, 3.3
Reduced
sugar, control,
6.7
Reduced
sugar, acid,
5.1
Reduced
sugar, thermal,
8.3
Reduced
sugar, acid-
thermal, 28.9
Fig; Total sugar and reduced sugar in residual
biomass when treated with different processes.
Total Sugar Reduced sugar
Pretreatment of residual mass
•The use of an acid-thermal
pretreatment gave the highest
total and reducing sugar yields of
47.1 and 29 mg/g-biomass,
respectively.
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12. Results
• The lowest HY and MY values
were observed for the control and
the acid pretreated hydrolysate,
while the highest was found for the
acid-thermal pretreatment,
followed by the thermal
pretreatment
• 4.6% energy recovery, could be
recovered from the residual
biomass usingan acid-thermal
pretreatment
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Table: Total sugar and reduced sugar in residual biomass when treated with different
processes.

13. Recent trends and prospects
•First experience of hythane was in Montreal in 1995.
•Manufacturers like Toyota and Fiat have developed hythane vehicles.
•In 2007, Fiat represented “Fiat Panda Aria”. this vehicle is able to use
mixture of H2 and CH4.
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14. Research gaps
•Several experiments have been carried out at the laboratory level but
we still need to work on the pilot level to make use of the full
potential of this bio-fuel.
• There is a lot to be done considering the microbial activities in
various stages.
• Assessment should be done for making the process as economic as
possible.
•We have to find methods to increase the production of hydrogen in
the first stage.
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15. Conclusion
•Biohythane is a potential biofuel for future.
•It’s studies are still in preliminary phase but experiments have shown
promising results from the lab scale experiments.
•Being an ecofriendly fuel it will help us to reduce pollution.
•Releasing the pressure off the non-renewable sources of energy will
lead to sustainable development.
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16. Reference
[1]Bolzonella, D., Battista, F., Cavinato, C., Gottardo, M., Micolucci, F.,
Lyberatos, G., & Pavan, P. (2018). Recent developments in biohythane
production from household food wastes: a review. Bioresource technology, 257,
311-319.
[2] Cavinato, C., Giuliano, A., Bolzonella, D., Pavan, P., &Cecchi, F. (2012).
Bio-hythane production from food waste by dark fermentation coupled with
anaerobic digestion process: a long-term pilot scale experience. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(15), 11549-11555.
[3] Costa, J. C., Oliveira, J. V., Pereira, M. A., Alves, M. M., & Abreu, A. A.
(2015). Biohythane production from marine macroalgae Sargassum sp. coupling
dark fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Bioresource technology, 190, 251-256
16

17. [4] Hans, M., & Kumar, S. (2019). Biohythane production in the two-stage
anaerobic digestion system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(32),
17363-17380.
[5] Kumar, C. P., Meenakshi, A., Khapre, A. S., Kumar, S., Anshul, A., Singh, L.,
... & Kumar, R. (2019). Bio-Hythane production from the organic fraction of
municipal solid waste in single and two stage anaerobic digestion processes.
Bioresource technology, 294, 122220.
[6] Lay, C. H., Kumar, G., Mudhoo, A., Lin, C. Y., Leu, H. J., Shobana, S., &
Nguyen, M. L. T. (2020). Recent trends and prospects in biohythane research: An
overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(10), 5864-5873.
[7] Lunprom, S., Phanduang, O., Salakkam, A., Liao, Q., Imai, T., & Reungsang,
A. (2019). Bio-hythane production from residual biomass of Chlorella sp.
biomass through two-stage anaerobic digestion. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 44(6), 3339-3346.
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18. [8] Micolucci, F., Gottardo, M., Bolzonella, D., &Pavan, P. (2014). Automatic
process control for stable bio-hythane production in two-phase thermophilic
anaerobic digestion of food waste. international journal of hydrogen energy,
39(31), 17563- 17572
[9] Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., & Sompong, O. (2015). Biohythane production
from codigestion of palm oil mill effluent with solid residues by two-stage solid-
state anaerobic digestion process. Energy Procedia, 79, 943-949
[10] Zhang, Z., Xu, C., Zhang, Y., Lu, S., Guo, L., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Hu, B., He,
C., Zhang, Q., Cohesive strategy and energy conversion efficiency analysis of
bio-hythane production from corncob powder by two-stage anaerobic digestion
process, Bioresource Technology 300,122746.
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