2. Presenting
WASTE TO ENERGY
The Most Advanced, Environment Friendly Technology
&
Recovering Energy Efficiently - A Green Energy Industry,
FOR TREATMENT OF ALL TYPE OF SOLID WASTES
Through
MICROWAVE STEAM PLASMA GASIFICATION
TECHNOLOGY
Ramesh Chand Goel Vijoy Jha Anil Joshi
Chief Executing Officer, Director Director
Sixty Technologies Pvt. Ltd. India PRR Australia PRR Australia
Sixty Technologies India
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
About us.
Present Practices & technology options for Solid Waste Management.
Land Filling
Composting
Incineration
Combustion
Gasification
Plasma Gasification
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sixty Technologies India
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS …CONTD.
Sixty Technologies India
2. MICROWAVE STEAM PLASMA (MSP) SYSTEM
• MSP Technology
• Plasma Gasification.
• Advantages of Plasma Gasification.
• MSP Gasification
• Comparison of Gasification Process
• Emission Comparison
• Why Use MSP
• MSP TECHNOLOGY – A SUMMARY.
• Project Timeline
• Conclusions.
5. About US:
We, The Partners:
Sixty Technologies India
M/s Parker Range Resources PTY LTD, Perth Australia:
M/S PRR Australia, ( and their partner company M/S GnEST Inc. Canada who
are the exclusive License Holders for the company from Korea, who has
developed a most advance third generation “Microwave Steam Plasma (MSP)
Technology”) and would be responsible for providing Technology, Feasibility
Study , Design, Plant Installation, Warranty, Operation & Maintenance, Etc.,Etc..
M/S Sixty Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Gurgaon India:
The Authorized Indian Partner and shall be operating on behalf of M/S PRR
Australia & their technology providers, and supporting for implementation of
the Technology from Concept to Commissioning and the Operation &
Maintenance there after .
6. • Land Filling,
• Composting,
• Combustion
• Incineration,
• Gasification,
• Plasma Gasification
Sixty Technologies India
Present Practices &
technology options for
Solid Waste Management.
7. Sixty Technologies India
All cities in our country and in-fact in world are confronted with the problem of
disposal of large quantities of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).
Currently, landfills are the most widely adopted & primary destination of
dumping the waste. Total waste collected is sent to Land Fill yards identified in
different parts of the city.
As per CPCB report of February 2015, Solid Waste Generated/collected/
Treated by all the states in India is as below:
Solid Waste Generated Collected Treated (Tons per day)
1,42,566 TPD 117645 TPD 33665 TPD
The Figures Speaks for itself and don’t need any explanation for the solid
waste problem & and growing problem of dumping/treating the waste and of
course the ever increasing solid waste. And it is expected to double by 2025.
By Land Filling
8. Sixty Technologies
India
Technology options for
Solid Waste Management
The technology options available are based on either
Bio Conversion : Bio Conversion are applicable to the
organic fraction of wastes, to form compost or to generate biogas such
as methane (waste to energy) and residual sludge (manure). Various
technologies are available for composting such as aerobic, anaerobic
and vermi-composting.
Thermal conversion :The thermal conversion technologies
are incineration with or with out heat recovery, pyrolysis and gasification,
plasma pyrolysis and pelletization or production of Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF).
9. Sixty Technologies IndiaComposting:
It is the aerobic decomposition of biodegradable organic matter
in a warm, moist environment by the action of bacteria, yeasts,
fungi and other organisms. It allows for the development of an
end product that is biologically stable and free of viable
pathogens and plant seeds and can be applied to land
beneficially. Composting involves three basic steps, that of
• preprocessing (size reduction, nutrient addition etc),
• decomposition and stabilization of organic material and
• post-processing (grinding, screening, etc).
….contd….
10. Sixty Technologies India
Composting:
Contd….
The decomposition and stabilization phase happens when the
bacteria and other organisms act on organic fraction of MSW
that essentially consists of proteins, amino acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin and ash in presence of oxygen.
The reaction converts the organic matter, in its entirety, to
compost, new cells, CO2, water, NO3, SO4 and heat.
The commonly used composting processes are windrow, aerated
static pile and in-vessel methods.
• In the aerated static pile process, oxygen is provided to the
piled up MSW by mechanical aeration system.
• In the in-vessel systems, the composting material is mixed
mechanically during the processing to minimize odors and
processing time.
11. Sixty Technologies India
Incineration
The incineration of MSW essentially involves combustion of waste leading to
volume reduction and recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces
power through steam turbines .
Basically, it is a furnace for burning waste and converts MSW into ash, gaseous
and particulate emissions and heat energy.
The efficiency of the technology is linked to the waste characteristics and their
properties such as moisture content and calorific values. When the waste is dry, it
may not need any auxiliary fuel except for start-up but when it is rich in inert and
moisture content, supplementary fuel may be needed to sustain combustion,
adversely affecting net energy recovery.
The combustion process involves essentially, drying, volatilization, and ignition
and desirably, elimination of odors, and combustion of unburned furnace gases
and carbon suspended in the gases. It requires high temperature of the order of
800-1000oC and sufficient air and mixing of gas stream. The minimum
temperature for burning carbonaceous wastes to avoid release of smoke and
prevent emissions of dioxins and furans is 850oC. ……………………………..contd.
12. Sixty Technologies India
Incineration
Contd……
In order to ensure proper breakdown of organic toxins, this temperature should be
maintained at least for 2 minutes.
For steam generation and energy recovery, the combustion temperature should be
1400oC. This will also ensure degradation of all organic compounds.
Depending on the nature of wastes and the operating characteristics of
combustion reactor, the gaseous products derived from the combustion of MSW
may include carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O, flue gas), oxygen (O2), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and small amounts of hydrogen chloride,
mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, dioxins and furans, and organic compounds.
The combustion residues include bottom ash, fly ash and non-combusted organic
and inorganic materials.
Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as flue gas
cleaning and in such versions, sludge from scrubber and waste water adds to the
contaminants in lieu of polluted emissions.
There are various types of incinerator plant design: moving grate, fixed grate,
rotary-kiln, fluidized bed. The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste
is a moving grate incinerator.
13. Gasification
Sixty Technologies India
Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials,
such as fossil fuels and biomass, into a mixture of mostly hydrogen
and carbon monoxide (called synthesis gas, or Syngas)
⃞ Other gaseous species (including some potential air pollutants) also are
formed; amounts depend on the fuel composition and process conditions
⃞ The Syngas can be burned as a fuel, or processed to produce chemicals
and other fuels
⃞ Many different gasification processes have been proposed, employing
different schemes for fuel feed, reactor design, etc.
⃞ Current generation of Gasfiers are much cleaner and more efficient than
earlier designs
Gasification offers significant increase in power output, while
reducing the pollution, comparing to incineration. Due to high
gasification temperatures comparing to incineration, a reduction of
NOx formation is observed.
14. Sixty Technologies India
Plasma Gasification
What is plasma?
An electrically charged gas (superheated air).
Capable of temperatures exceeding 13,000°F.
Examples in nature are lightning and the Sun.
⃞ What is plasma gasification?
Break down of organic materials (MSW) into simpler molecular
structures using extremely hot air. Converts all organic materials into
gaseous fuel.
⃞ What is the end product?
Synthesis Gas - “Syngas” – consisting of H2 + CO. Syngas, similar to natural gas,
which can be used as fuel to generate electricity or Steam
Previously, Plasma gasification was not a viable option, due to shot cycles
between service intervals of plasma torches, while using DC or AC discharge
plasmas, where electrodes are in close contact with highly reactive plasma at high
temperatures.
Now days, a new type of electrode-less high power plasma torches are
developed, utilizing Microwave and RF discharge plasmas. Microwave
plasmas seem to be more suitable, using steam as a working medium, which in
gasification terms inherently increases hydrogen production,
15. Comparison of Plasma
Gasification vs. Incineration
Plasma Gasification Incineration
Feedstock
Flexibility
Ability to mix feed stocks such as MSW, Industrial
Waste,
Commercial & Industrial Waste, Hazardous Waste,
Tires,
Biomass Fuels (such as wood waste)
MSW and other common waste
streams;
difficult to mix multiple feed stocks
Fuel Created Syngas (Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen) not applicable
End Product
Opportunitie
s
• Replacement Fuel for Natural Gas and Fuel Oil
• Power via Steam cycle
• Power via Combined cycle or Reciprocating Engines
• Power via Fuel Cells (future)
• Process Steam
• Liquid Fuels (ethanol, bio-diesel)
• Hydrogen
• Fertilizer Compounds
Power via Steam cycle
Process Steam
Overall Plant
Efficiency
Combined Cycle Process: 1 ton of municipal solid
waste is capable of creating 1000 kWh of power via
combined cycle configuration
Steam Cycle Process: 1 ton of
municipal solid waste generates
between 500-650 kWh of power
Dioxins and
Furans
Better overall emissions and the high operating
temperature (>1000°C) and oxygen starved
environment destroys any dioxins/furans that may be
present in the feedstock.
The presence of oxygen, chlorine, and
particulate creates the right conditions
for the formation of dioxins and furans
By-product Inert, non-hazardous and non-leaching glassy slag
salable as an aggregate building product or rock wool.
Most particulate recovered during cleaning of the
syngas is recyclable
Hazardous fly ash and scrubber
residues plus incinerator bottom ash
Sixty Technologies India
16. Sixty Technologies India
Status of Plasma Gasification Plant
1 E x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s
• N a t i o n a l C h e n g K u n g U n i v e r s i t y - Ta i n a n C i t y , Ta i w a n ( P E A T I n t e r n a t i o n a l )
• Yo s h i i , U t a s h i n a i , a n d M i h a m a - M i k a t a , J a p a n ( H i t a c h i M e t a l s L t d . )
• U S S G e r a l d R . F o r d ( C V N 7 8 ) S u p e r c a r r i e r – U S N a v y ( P y r o G e n e s i s C a n a d a I n c . )
• P u n e , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a ( M a h a r a s h t r a E n v i r o P o w e r L i m i t e d )
• W u h a n , C h i n a ( W u h a n K a i d i / A l t e r N R G , d e m o n s t r a t i o n p l a n t )
2 P l a n n e d f a c i l i t i e s
• S w i n d o n , W i l t s h i r e , E n g l a n d , U K , ( A d v a n c e d P l a s m a P o w e r )
• E n e r g y P a r k P e t e r b o r o u g h , E n g l a n d , U K ( Te t r o n i c s )
• H i r w a u n , W a l e s , U K ( E n v i r o P a r k s L i m i t e d )
• ‘ R e - i n v e n t t h e To i l e t ’
3 M o t h b a l l e d P r o j e c t s
• Te e s V a l l e y R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y C e n t e r ( A i r P r o d u c t s / A l t e r N R G )
• O t t a w a , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a ( P l a s c o E n e r g y G r o u p I n c . )
• H u r l b u r t F i e l d , F l o r i d a , U S A ( P y r o G e n e s i s C a n a d a I n c . )
• E a s t L u t h e r / G r a n d V a l l e y , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a ( N a v i t u s P l a s m a I n c )
• S t . L u c i e C o u n t y , F l o r i d a , U S A ( G e o P l a s m a )
• Ta l l a h a s s e e , F l o r i d a , U S A ( G r e e n P o w e r S y s t e m s )
• V a n c o u v e r , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , C a n a d a ( P l a s c o E n e r g y G r o u p I n c . )
• P o r t H o p e , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a ( S u n b a y E n e r g y C o r p o r a t i o n )
• J a c k s o n , G e o r g i a , U S A ( P R P o w e r C o m p a n y )
• R e d D e e r , A l b e r t a , C a n a d a ( P l a s c o E n e r g y G r o u p I n c . )
• A l c a l á d e H e n a r e s , M a d r i d , S p a i n ( F o m e n t o d e C o n s t r u c c i o n e C o n t r a t a s )
SOURCE WIKIPIDIA.ORG
18. Sixty Technologies India
MICROWAVE STEAM PLASMA (MSP)
GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
The Most Advanced, Environment Friendly Technology
Recovering Energy Efficiently - A Green Energy Industry,
FOR TREATMENT OF ALL TYPE OF SOLID WASTES
Proposed to be Implemented By Our Company in India
19. Sixty Technologies India
Microwave Steam Plasma Gasification of Solid Wastes:
• Previously, plasma gasification was not a viable option,
• Now, new type of electrode-less high power plasma torches are
developed, utilizing Microwave and RF discharge plasmas.
• Microwave Plasmas seem to be more suitable, using steam as a
working medium, which in gasification terms inherently increases
hydrogen production.
• The produced gas can be further filtered and cleaned using cyclone
separators, catalytic converters and filters, to ensure a desirable
output gas composition, which can be either stored, burned or used
as fuel for internal combustion engines, to produce electricity.
• Due to temperatures higher than melting temperatures of most
materials, the residual vitrified molt, called slag, can easily be
compacted, and afterwards reprocessed using the same plasma
torch technique to separate metals and other materials, thus
ensuring sustainability.
Microwave Steam Plasma
Gasification
20. Sixty Technologies India
Pure steam microwave plasma torch :
Steam microwave plasma torch is a microwave driven plasma
discharge at atmospheric pressure, which uses high temperature
steam as working gas. In comparison with other types of plasma
torches, microwave plasma offers a more stable discharge at higher
rates of dissociation and ionization of the working gas.
Several processes needs to be discussed & deliberated for
understanding Microwave Steam Plasma Gasification: microwave
plasma discharge, gasification of biomass and microwave
resonance etc.
Microwave Steam Plasma
Gasification
21. Conventional Gasification
Sixty Technologies India
Plasma Gasification..contd.
• 10 ~ 30 atmospheres, temperature > 1000℃, high pressure required
• Preheating essential for operation, difficulties in operation/maintenance
Microwave Steam Plasma Gasification MSW or BIO-MASS
22. Sixty Technologies India
Advantage of Plasma
Gasification Technology (1/2)
⃞ Minimizes the need for landfill space by converting waste to energy.
Landfills produce methane gas which has an impact on climate change
20 times greater than carbon dioxide.
⃞ Reduces the emission of pollution and greenhouse gases
⃞ Has higher levels of efficiency. Similar waste to energy technologies
from competitors use more than 50% of the energy generated to operate
the plant, comparatively, the plasma gasification process uses
approximately 20% of the energy generated.
⃞ Has lower cost of construction and operation
⃞ Reduces power plant’s carbon footprint.
23. Advantage of Plasma
Gasification Technology
(2/2)
⃞ Allows for smaller scale power plants that are not possible
with competitors. This allows the development of micro
power plants that provide access to off-grid communities.
This development has potential for providing access to
power for rural communities in Asia and Africa.
⃞ Uses multiple feed-stocks
• Solid biomass (wood)
• Low grade coal (< 4000 kcal/kg)
• Petcoke
• Recycled paper cubes
• Construction and demolition waste
• Municipal solid waste
Sixty Technologies India
24. MSP Gasification
⃞ Gasification is a flexible, reliable, and clean energy technology
that can turn a variety of low-value feedstock’s into high-value
products and can provide a clean alternative source of base load
electricity.
⃞ Gasification has been reliably used on a commercial scale
worldwide for more than 50 years in the refining, fertilizer, and
chemical industries, and for more than 35 years in the electric
power industry.
⃞ MSP Gasifier utilizes any type of biomass including MSW, low
grade coal, waste wood, sawdust, furniture scraps, bagasse, rice
husk, coconut shells, poultry litter, plastic, rubber, tires, or any
other combustible material.
⃞ Ultra clean gas is fed into the engines with the help of a
microprocessor based, oil to gas conversion system. When a
load is activated the dual-fuel mode of operation of the engine
will start automatically at 85% gas and 15% furnace oil, for a
short duration then reverts back to 100% gas mode when the
load becomes constant.
25. Comparison of Gasification Process
Parameter Conventional
Gasification
Arc Plasma Microwave
Plasma
Source
Temperature
1,000 ~ 1,300℃ 7,000 ~ 15,000℃ 3,000 ~ 5,000℃
Reaction
Temperature
1,000 ~ 1,300℃ 1,000 ~ 1,300℃ 1,000 ~ 1,300℃
Molecular Process Chemical Oxidation Physical
Acceleration
Vibration and
Physical
Acceleration
Plasma Generator Fuel, O2 Electric Power, air,
O2, Ar, N2
Electrical Power
Water Vapor
Oxidyzing Agent O2 Air, O2 Steam
Oxidyzing Species O2 O2 OH, O+ radicals
Moisture Sensitivity High Medium Low
Residue Slag, Charcol Vitrified Slag Vitrified Slag
Energy
Consumption
Constant Constant Variable
26. Emission Comparisons with
International Standards.
⃞ Emissions
• Environmental philosophy of Microwave Steam Plasma Gasification is based
on ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) of radiation safety industry.Pollutant Canada-
CCME
US EPA New
Source
Performance
Standards
US EPA
Section 111(d)
Emissions
Guidelines
Recently
Permitted
Incineration
Facilities in USA
(200 ~800TPD
MSW)
Arc Torch
Plasma MSW
(Second
generation
gasification
Technology)
Microwave Steam
Plasma
Gasification
(Third generation
gasification
Technology)
NOx (ppmvd) 293.32 150 205 110-205 36.66 20
PM (mg/dscm) 28.08 20-24 25-27 16-27 4.21 0.3
SO2 (ppmvd) 136.94 30 29-31 26-29 1.05 1
HCL (ppmvd) 69.4 25 29-31 25-29 6.48 0.2
CO (ppmvd) 68.66 100 100 100 19.27 2
Hg (μg/dscm) Tier 3
Metals
50-80 80 28-80 <1.4 0.005
PCDD/PCDF
(ng/dscm)
0 13-30 30-60 13-30 0 0.002x10-6
27. Why use MSP?
⃞ Uses less internal energy compared to that of conventional
technologies. This results in a much reduced parasitic load on the
plant, serving as a real opportunity to improve the efficiency of
advanced gasification processes.
⃞ Significantly lower CAPEX compared to conventional DC plasma torches
and as such makes plasma gasification a commercially viable option
for smaller scale systems.
⃞ Significantly longer operational lifespan compared to that of
conventional DC plasma torches, resulting in extended periods
between plant shutdown and maintenance.
⃞ Significantly reduces the footprint of such high-temperature gasification
systems making the technology suitable for smaller regional based
projects and specialist field deployment.
28. MSP Technology Summary
• A typical plant processing upto 200 tpd Municipal Solid Waste
usually will generates upto 5MW of Power
• The plant consumes 1.2MW of energy & balance 3.8MW for sale (a
higher recovery of Energy comparing other technologies)
• Plant footprint much smaller than rest,<4000sqM required for the
plant.
• MPS built in a modular form 5MW hence incremental Investment to
suit staged achievement of full capacity (e.g. a full scale 100KW
MSP operational in Korea)
• MSP generates over 3000C° tempt, hence it liberates most
elements in gas form leaving little scope for emission (lower
emission)
• NO Air-Intake therefore much lower NOx emission level, <10% of
NOx emission from conventional incineration facilities,
• MSP is backed by full Performance Guarantee by Technology
Developers of Korea
29. MSP Technology Summary
Sixty Technologies India
Promoters can fund the project partially given that a fixed minimum
20years of access to Municipal Solid Waste if provided on a mutually
agreed “Tipping Fee” is guaranteed by Client
MSP needs H2O to process MSW/brown coal, so work better with high
moisture content feedstock (M.C. 30 – 50%) and NO need for water
injection Unlike conventional incineration facilities, MSP needs NO
Preheating Unit to lower moisture content, and hence lower the CAPEX
and OPEX
Once the sample Waste is profiled and a trial run is confirmed, Project
can be fast-tracked given that a firm commitment is in place
Balance of Energy sale, reduces Capex/Opex boon to all Stakeholders
Client can join or buy back part or full project within first 5years of
operations
All it requires a commitment to stop Landfill while committing to providing
access to those wastes to MSP Promoters to Build, Own and Operate!
“No Risk but only gains once an Un-incorporated JV is formed:
a Guaranteed Project in a shortest possible time”
30. PROJECT TIMELINE Sixty Technologies India
Following land acquisition, obtaining all permits, contacting with all local
authorities, and award of contract, the following timeline is to be
expected:
Site assessment and engineering 3-4 months (according to the specific
conditions encountered) of the correct installation and function of
components.
Procurement 5-8 months (according to the specific units required)
Installation of the units 6-9 months (according to conditions on the ground)
Commissioning 3-5 months (according to the type of units specified)
⃞ After synchronization in the commissioning phase, there will be a 3-
month operational phase with technicians on location to handle training
and operational details that may arise. Total time from award of contract
to completed system is 17-26 months depending upon conditions
encountered on the ground.
31. Sixty Technologies India
Microwave Steam Plasma (MSP) technology is the third
generation gasification technology that is truly eco-friendly & its benefits are:
1. the latest gasification technology for Municipal Solid Waste, industrial waste, hospital
waste/ wood chips, animal manure, sewage sludge and in particular lower grade/
calorific value /high moisture dirty brown coal (lignite);
2. substantially lower emissions than
existing plasma torch and conventional gasification technology;
3. close to no landfill required .
4.contamination of ground water, air pollution and health risks.
5. Significantly lower financial CAPEX;
6. Significantly longer operational lifespan;
7. Great incentive for rubbish to be collected thus reducing
visual pollution of public areas;
8. Much higher level of waste to energy efficiency;
9. Significantly less power/energy consumption;
10. Greatly reduced footprint of gasification system; and
11. it introduces competition
in this sector and alleviates sole dependence as an alternate.
Conclusions:
32. Conclusions….
Sixty Technologies India
Parker Range Resources PTY LTD (PRR) of Australia ( and their
partner company M/S GnEST Inc. Canada who are the exclusive
License Holders and are having sole rights of implementing these
projects in South East Asia alongwith Indian Partner M/S Sixty
Technologies Pvt. Ltd. India are
1. Looking for business relationship with Indian
Companies/Investors.
2. By offering this most Eco-Friendly Technology
for Solid Waste Treatment (WASTE TO
ENERGY) and
3. For setting up such plants in India.
By
Ramesh Chand Goel Vijoy Jha Anil Joshi
Chief Executive Officer, Director Director
Sixty Technologies Pvt. Ltd. India PRR Australia PRR Australia
34. References:
Sixty Technologies India
1. MICROWAVE STEAM PLASMA GASIFICATION
Author: ………Klemen Ambrožič
Mentor:………Dr. Tomaž Gyergyek
2. Gasification: An Alternative Process for Energy Recovery and
Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
By…Alexander Klein
Advisor: Professor Nickolas Themelis.
3. TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KERALA
Dr. R. Ajayakumar Varma
Executive Director, Suchitwa Mission, Local Self Government Department,
Govt. of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 031.
4. Reports from Central Pollution Control Board & other Government Agencies.
36. MSP Technology (2/2)
⃞ Advantages of MSP Gasifier
• Kind of Supplying Fuel: Possible for MSW, Biomass or the low quality
coal with high lime content (<50%) and high moisture (<40%)
• Gasification Temperature/Flexibility: 3000℃ ( saves preheating cost
• Gasification Energy Obtained: Torch energy + ~ 15% coal oxidation
• Gasification Pressure: 1 atm – little volume gasifier
• O2 Facilities: Saves >10% of facility expenses and also the operating cost
by using steam since the water plasma torch is used instead of the use of
O2 facility of existing gasifier.
• Electricity Usage Rate: Plasma torch uses 25 ~ 30% of total electricity
generation
38. Feed Processing (1/2)
⃞ Municipal Solid Wastes or Biomass (~ 2,500 kcal/kg) Case
(1/2)
The MSW should be sorted first into recyclable and combustible
components.
Depending to the conditions of the MSW, if the moisture is high, it
should be dried.
The combustible component of the MSW is turned into RDF
(Refused Derived Fuel) pellet by shredding, crushing,
electromagnetic separations.
39. Feed Processing (2/2)
⃞ Low Grade Coal (~ 4,000 kcal/kg) Case
• Pulverization is currently the favored
method of preparing coal for burning
• Mechanically pulverizing coal into a
fine powder enables it to be burned
like a gas, thus allowing more
efficient combustion
40. Plasma Gasifier (1/3)
⃞ Furnace
Furnaces have an airlock system to
allow garbage to come in while
preventing the hot gases in the
furnace from escaping into the
atmosphere.
The furnace houses at least one
plasma torch; many furnaces have
multiple torches to break down all the
matter. These torches are usually
placed a little lower than halfway
down the furnace.
The furnace also features a drainage
system to tap off the slag as it
accumulates and a vent system to
vent out the gases. In order to
withstand the intense heat, furnaces
are lined with refractory material and
often have a water cooling system as
41. Plasma Gasifier (2/3)
⃞ Advantages of MSP Torch
Abundant Sources
Electrode-less
Problems of the existing plasma torch
- High Maintenance Requirements
- Limited Electrode Life
- Votalized Electrodes Emission
Issues
- High Cost
MSP torch operates without electrode
High Efficiency
Simple Model & Low Cost
42. Plasma Gasifier (3/3)
⃞ Plasma Generating Devices
Electromagnetic
Oscillator
Circulatory
System
Tuner Waveguide
Power Supply
Unit
Discharge
Tube
Gas
Discharge
Unit
Gas Supply
Unit
Ignition
Unit
Coal Supply
Unit
Electromagnetic
Feeder
Cross Sectional View of the Plasma Generating
Devices
43. Particle Remover
• Dry solids removal systems use candle filters
that can remove all solids from the gas at
temperatures between 300 and 500 °C
• Above 500 °C, alkali compounds may pass
the filters in significant amounts. Below
300 °C, the filters may be blinded of deposits
of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).
• Including cyclones upstream will reduce the
loading on the filters and therefore also the
risk of breakage.
44. Water Gas Shift Reaction
• Scrubbed syngas H2/CO ratio must be increased/adjusted
to meet down stream process requirements
• Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction
CO + H2O ↔ H2 + CO2
• Syngas is passed through a multi-stage, fixed-bed reactor
containing shift catalysts to convert carbon monoxide
(CO) and water into additional H2 and CO2
• Steam input is required for the reaction
45. Sulphur Remover
• Sulphur should be removed to avoid
excessive corrosion in the system
• The conversion from sulphur dioxide to
sulphuric acid can be increased to
99.6% by using two absorption stages
• The advantage of using two stages of
absorption is that the remaining sulphur
dioxide needing to be removed from the
tail gas is much reduced
46. CO2 Capture
• For CO2 Capture, two
addition process
required:
- Shift reactor in which the
CO reacts with H2O to H2
and CO2
- An absorption process for
capture using the Selexol
process or other
processes based on
physical solvents, or an
MDEA process based on
chemical solvents
48. HRSG
⃞ Exchange heat from the exhaust gas to
the fluid
⃞ Accomplished by making the exhaust
gas and the fluid (steam/water)
temperature gradients
49. Auxiliary System
⃞ Syngas Storage Tank
– Pressure tanks and used to store syngas under pressure.
– The tanks are provided with safety valves, level gauge, pressure
and temperature gauges and all other required safety accessories.
– The tanks are manufactured according to various international
standards like ASME Section VIII Div 1, 2 etc.
⃞ Slag Removal Equipment
⃞ Control Panel
51. Organization
PD
PM
APM
SM QA QE
C/S PA
EM
Arch. Eng
Civil Eng
Elec. Eng
I&C Eng
Mech. Eng
Material Eng
Process Eng
Design IT
Licensing
Env. Eng
Start up
Reliability
Geo. Eng
PD: Project Director, PM: Project Manager, APM:
Assistant Project Manager, EM: Engineering Manager,
C/S: Cost and Schedule Supervisor, SM: Site Manager
