4. DATA
Refers to the information
like facts or numbers,
collected to be examined
and considered for use to
help decision-making.
Research Data
Distinct pieces of
information, usually
formatted in a special
way. These may refer to
the recovered factual
materials commonly
accepted in the specific
community as necessary to
validate research findings,
which are collected,
observed, or created, for
purpose of analysis to
5. WHAT ARE THE QUALITATIVE DATA
Qualitative data are forms of information
gathered in a non-numeric form.
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6. HOW TO COLLECT QUALITATIVE DATA
There are wide variety of methods that are
common in qualitative measurement.
Interviews
Questionnaires
Observations
Document Collection
7. INTERVIEW
Interviewing is a data collection strategy in which
participants are asked to talk about the area under
consideration. Interviews can explore emotions,
experiences or feelings that cannot be easily observed
or described through pre-defined questionnaire
responses.
Kinds of Interviews
Unstructured / in-depth
Semi-structured
Structured
Focus groups
8. INTERVIEW - UNSTRUCTURED
The researcher asks the respondents a
general question regarding the area of
interest and asks them to tell their
own story; aims to discuss a limited
number of topics in great depth – no
structure or pre –conceived plan.
9. INTERVIEW – SEMI-STRUCTURED
The interviewer has a slightly more
focused agenda than in an unstructured
interview. Questions are phrased to allow
the participants to tell a story in their
own way and an interviewer guide is used
to ensure information is gathered on areas
of interest to the research.
10. INTERVIEW – STRUCTURED
An interview in which the questions
are pre-determined and asked to all
subjects. Closed questions are used
with limited response choices.
11. INTERVIEW – FOCUS GROUP
Interviews of groups of people with
something in common. Focus group
are used to elicit the views of a
group (usually around 6 to 10) who
have common experiences or
interest.
12. QUESTIONNAIRES
A questionnaire is a pre-defined set of
questions, assembled in a pre-determined
order. Questionnaire are frequently
associated with surveys, but they are used
in interview as well. Questionnaire are
handy when the researcher is trying to
collect information from large numbers of
people.
13. OBSERVATION
Observation can be used within any
research strategy. Observation can
take various shapes and use
different senses and/or equipment.
14. OBSERVATION – PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
The researcher takes part in the
situation under the study, in order to
experience life rom the perspective of
participants. Participant observation is
the most common methods for
qualitative data collection, but it is the
most demanding.
15. OBSERVATION – SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
Systematic or direct observation suggests a
more detached perspective. The researcher
is watching rather than taking part. It is
more focused than participant observation.
The researcher is observing certain sampled
situations or people rather than trying to
become immersed in the entire context.
17. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of
processes and procedures whereby we move from
the qualitative data that have been collected into
some form of explanations, understanding or
interpretation of the people and the situations we
are investigating. QDA is usually an
interpretative philosophy.
The Process of QDA usually involves two things,
writing and the identification of themes
19. GUIDELINES IN WRITING RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A research methodology is
a description of how exactly
you conducted your research
20. GUIDELINES IN WRITING RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
The method section typically
consist of PARTICIPANTS,
MATERIALS OR APPARATUS,
DESIGN AND PROCEDURE.
21. R E S E A R C H
M E T H O D O L O G Y
RESEARCH DESIGN
22. RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is an inquiry process of
understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry process
of understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that
explores a social or human problems.
(Crasswell, 1994)
23.
24. R E S E A R C H
M E T H O D O L O G Y
DATA GATHERING AND
PROCEDURE
25. R E S E A R C H
M E T H O D O L O G Y
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
26. SAMPLE
Refers to a portion or part of the
population that is representative of the
population from which it was selected.
Basically, this is the participant or
respondents of your research.
27. SAMPLING
Is the process of selecting units from a
population of interest so that by
studying the sample we may fairly
generalize our results back to the
population from which they were chosen
(Trochim, 2006).
28. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Sampling group members are selected on non-random
manner, therefore not each population members has a
chance to participate in the study.
QUOTA SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
VOLUNTEER SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
29. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
A non-probability method, quota sampling
identifies strata like in stratified sampling, but it
also uses a convenience sampling approach as the
researchers will be the one to choose the
necessary number of sample per stratum.
30. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Purposive Sampling
As the name suggest, purposive sampling means
the researcher selects participants according to
the criteria he has set. This is only used when
you are confident enough about the
representatives of the participant regarding the
whole target population.
31. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Volunteer Sampling
A voluntary sample is made up of people who
self-select into the survey. Often, these folks
have a strong interest in the main topic of the
survey.
33. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling is a typical non-probability
sampling method used when the desired sample
characteristics is rare. It relies on referrals
from initial subjects to generate additional
subjects.
34. DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
According to Sandelowski (1995) “determining
adequate sample size in qualitative research is
ultimately a matter of judgement and experience”
and researchers need to evaluate the equality of
information collected in light of the uses to which
it will be put, and the research method, sampling
and analytical strategy employed.
35. R E S E A RC H
M E T H O D O LO G Y
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT/
INSTRUMENTATION
40. CONSIDERATION
How long will it take to administer?
Are the directions clear?
How easy is it to score?
Do equivalent form exist?
Have any problems been reported by others
who used it?
41. VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Validity of research instrument is the extent to which the
instrument measures what it is supposed to measure and
perform as it is designed to perform.
External validity
is the extent to which the results of a study
can be generalized to the population.
Content validity
refers to the appropriateness of the content
of the instrument.
42. RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
Can be thought as the consistency:
Inter-Rater/Observer Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
Parallel-Forms Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
