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ECGS Module 10
- 1. Science is Organized Knowledge Classifying Life Characterizing & Sorting Living Things Exploring Creation with General ScienceExploring Creation with General Science
- 2. Note-Taking • Tip#2: – Use drawings to illustrate ideas • Stick figures, simple diagrams, quick sketches • Colors – diff. ink colors or highlighters for things like word def.'s, equations, examples & main topics • **Icons or symbols to point out ??'s or !!! important things to remember • Note-Taking Methods: – Cornell Method – Outlining – Charting – Mind Mapping – Full Sentences
- 3. Outline Method • NO SENTENCES! • Big topics first, then add supporting points – Indentation • main points farthest left • each lesser point indented – Abbreviation • use short phrases • Abr. words & ill. w/ pics – Mark levels • letters, #'s, or Roman numerals • bullets, dashes, asterisks
- 4. Facts are Stupid Things! NO SENTENCES Big topics first, then add supporting points Indentation main points farthest left each lesser point indented Abbreviation use short phrases abbreviate words and illustrate with pictures Mark levels letters numbers or Roman numerals bullets dashes asterisks Organized things are easier to understand and make sense of Patterns Interactions “Big picture” How things work & fit together Let's Go Shopping!
- 5. Facts are Stupid Things! • Organized things are easier to understand. – Patterns – Interactions – “Big picture” – How individual things work & fit together • Let's Go Shopping!
- 6. Classification of Life Taxonomy: a system of grouping in such a way that allows for easier study and understanding • Shopping List! • Playlist!! Store Department Aisle Section Shelf Item Music Genre Artist Album Song Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
- 7. First Classification System • Developed the binomial (two name) system – Felis catus (house cat) – Pseudotsuga menziesii (Christmas tree) – Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) – Orcinus orca (killer whale) • Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist – "Father of Taxonomy" • First to group living things according to physical similarities • 3 Kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral
- 8. Classification: the Grouping of Life Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Linnaeus created a kind of "filing system" to sort all living things based on physical characteristics KKinging PPhiliphilip CCameame OOverver FForor GGoodood SSpicespices broadest level most specific (individual type)
- 9. Classification: Sorting Life • Linnaeus grouped living things based on: – physical characteristics • body symmetry • feathers vs. fur vs. scales – behavior • makes own food vs. eats others • lay eggs vs. give birth to live young – habitat • lives on land or in water • We now also group things by: – cell type • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic • unicellular vs. multicellular – nutrition (makes food vs. eats) – DNA (sequence and length)
- 11. Classification throughout History © 2015 PIXTON.COM As science progresses, more changes will probably be made to how we classify living things.
- 12. Five Kingdoms of Living Things
- 13. Sharing/Demo Edible Cells 1. Name the following: • Type of cell • Organelles • What you used to build your cell
- 14. • All living organisms are made up of cells. – There are two major cell types: PROKARYOTIC Cells – Bacteria and archaebacteria – Tiny – No nucleus or organelles EUKARYOTIC Cells – Plants, animals, fungi and protists – Have an enclosed nucleus – Have membrane-bound organelles Cell Types
- 15. Cell Size & Shape • All cells have: – a membrane – cytoplasm – DNA
- 16. • Bacteria often have a rigid cell wall and capsule around the plasma membrane for extra protection. • Also often have a flagella for movement Kingdom Monera - Prokaryotic Cells
- 17. Bacteria (Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria) • Single-cell organisms • "True Bacteria" – some make us sick – some help us live – some make cheese • Different shapes – Bacilli (rod-shape) • E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus – Cocci (round chains/clusters) • Streptococcus, Staphylococcus – Spirilla (stringy spirals) • Campylobacter, Treponema
- 18. Archaea (Kingdom Monera or Archaebacteria) • Tiny, single-cell prokaryotes • Many live in extreme conditions: – very hot/cold, deep/dark – acidic or sulfuric • DNA & metabolism different than bacteria
- 19. Experiment 10.1 Observing Bacterial Growth 1. Look through the top of each bowl. 2. Note how clearly you can see the (mostly, barely, not at all). 3. Record your findings in a chart. A Broth + salt Describe what you see B Broth + vinegar C Broth only D Cold broth Which is the control?
- 21. • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm (space where organelles are suspended) • Nucleus (contains DNA) • Organelles = “little tools” • All organisms besides bacteria & archaea are eukaryotic – plants, animals, fungi, and protists Eukaryotic Cells
- 22. Protists (Kingdom Protista) Amoeba Paramecium Giardia Water Mold Slime Mold Euglena Dinoflagellates DiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Fungus- Like P l a n t - L i k e • Eukaryotic – cells have a nucleus • Most are single-celled • All eukaryotic organisms that aren't plants, animal, or fungi Animal-Like (protozoans)
- 23. Experiment 10.2 Yeast Growth 1. Observe each bag with a banana slice. 2. Record what you see in a chart like the one below. 2/8/15 Banana Describe what you see Banana + Yeast 2/11/15 Banana Banana + Yeast 2/14/15 Banana Banana + Yeast Which are the controls?
- 24. Fungi (Kingdom Fungi) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Heterotrophic – feed on decaying organisms • Sessile organisms – cannot move • Molds, mildew, mushrooms, lichens, yeast
- 25. Plants (Kingdom Plantae) Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Conifers (cone- bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Autotrophic – produce own food • Sessile – cannot change location
- 26. Plant Cell Animal Cell Eukaryotic Cells
- 27. Experiment 10.4 Turgor Pressure In your notebook, record the following: 1. Why do plants wilt? 2. What do you think will happen if you put wilted plants in water? Explain WHY! 3. Observe the three stalks of celery. Record what you find in a chart. 4. Make a conclusion that states whether your hypothesis was supported by the experiment. Celery out of H2O Describe what you see Celery in H2O Celery in blue H2O Which is the control?
- 28. Turgor Pressure Vacuoles fill with water, "plumping up" cells. The pressure of cell contents pushing on the cell walls "inflates" the plant, causing the celery stalk to become rigid.
- 29. Animals (Kingdom Animalia) • All eukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, and motile • Common Phyla: – Porifera • sponges, corals – Cnidaria & Ctenophora • jellyfish and comb jellies – Platyhelmenthes • flat worms, tapeworms – Nematoda • small unsegmented worms – Mollusca • clams, oysters, etc. – Annelida • segmented worms – Echinodermata • starfish and anemones – Arthropoda • crustaceans, insects, spiders – Chordata • those with spinal chords: birds, mammals, amphibians, bony fish, etc.
- 30. Grouped as MONERA in some countries Five Kingdoms • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Protists • Bacteria • Archaea 6
Editor's Notes
- How is the text different (all caps, sentence case, smaller writing for lesser points) How are the levels marked? (indentation, letters & numbers)
- Ask students to generate a shopping list, then talk about how you'd go about finding those items. Are all grocery stores grouped the same? Does every item fit into a category? Then ask each student to name their favorite song. How would you search for each song using Spotify. Why is it helpful to group things? Now think about how classification systems work - which grouping has the most individual items/songs/living things? Which has the fewest? The problem is, scientists can't agree, especially as new information is being added all the time.
- pronounced "Carl Lewis Lineeus"
- Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
- Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
- Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.
- What benefits could there be to having distinct organelles separated by membranes? Chemical reactions which interfere with each other can occur at the same time.
- Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all of them are basically one of three different shapes. Some are rod- or stick-shaped and called bacilli. Examples of rod-shaped bacteria include E.coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus anthracis which is the bacterium that causes anthrax in cattle. Rod-shaped bacteria include bent or curved rods; so Vibrio is a curved bacillus that causes cholera. Others are shaped like little balls and called cocci. Examples of bacteria with round cells include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria (causes gonorrhea). Others still are twisted, helical or spiral in shape and called spirilla. These twisted cells can be flexible (Treponema which causes syphilis) or rigid corkscrew shape like Campylobacter (bacterium that causes food-borne illness). Some species of bacteria vary in shape; this is called pleomorphism. Variations and/or lack of rigid cell walls cause microbes like Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium, and Rhizobium to appear swollen, curved, or club-shaped.
- Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc) can live in places where most organisms cannot survive archae- means ancient: formed about three billion years ago Methanogens and Halobacterium salinarium rchaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.[2] Despite this visual similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
- Includes All Protists: Eukaryotic Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds (dog vomit slime mold)
- All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil
- All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
- feather coral, nudibranch, nudibranch poisoning/eating bony fish, camouflaged sea urchins eating starfish, caterpillar arthropod, dumbo octopus (flaps "ears" to move), and frilled shark
- Before 1970, taxonomists classified all forms of life into two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. Bacteria, fungi, and photosynthetic protists were considered plants, and the protozoa were classified as animals. In 1969, Robort H. Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification scheme that is widely used today, and which we follow in this text. Whittaker identified two kingdoms of primarily unicellular microorganisms based on whether they showed prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellular organization. The kingdom Monera consists of generally single prokaryotic cells, whereas the kingdom Protista consists of generally single eukaryotic cells. All of the organisms in the remaining three kingdoms (Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) are eukaryotic, and most of them are multicellular. They may be classified further on the basis of their way of acquiring nutrients. Members of the kingdom Plantae photosynthesize, and members of the kingdom Fungi secrete enzymes outside their bodies and then absorb the externally digested nutrients. In contrast, members of the kingdom Animalia ingest their food and then digest it, either within an internal cavity or within individual cells. Recently, a sixth kingdom has been proposed. Many microbiologists argue that the cell structure of the Archaea is so different from that of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that they should occupy their own kingdom. Following the fashion, this text adopts the updated six-kingdom classification system (Fig. 1.1). 6 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Protista (same)