2. Outline of Presentation
• Differentiating Sex from Gender
• Agents of Gender Socialization
• Gender Issues
• Evolution of Gender Paradigm
and Gender Milestones
• Gender and Development (GAD)
7. Sex is …
- biological characteristics of being
a female or a male (kasarian)
Physical attributes pertaining to a
person’s body contours, features,
hormones, genes, chromosomes and
reproductive organs (genitals).
- generally permanent and universal
- attributes are equally valued
10. Secondary sex characteristics
development of the breast
pelvic widens & hips broaden
voice deepens slightly
hair grown under the arms
& in the pelvic region
ovaries start to function
regular menstruation
11. Secondary sex characteristics
the body become more muscular
shoulder & chest become broader
adam’s apple grows
vocal cord enlarge
underarm, pubic hair & hair on the
face, chest & shoulders start to grow
penis & testes enlarge
testes begin to make sperm
12. Sex Roles
Female Sex
Roles
Male Sex
Roles
- Gestation
- Lactation
- Child-bearing
- Ovum
fertilization
- Produces
spermatozoa
which determine
the child’s sex
14. Gender refers to ..
and values
assigned by
culture and
society to
women and
men.
set of
qualities,
differentiated
roles or
responsibilities,
attitudes,
15. Gender refers to ..
and likely
behaviors
of both women
and men.
Expectations,
held about the
characteristics,
aptitudes,
16. Gender is… ?
• sociologically constructed
• changing, time and place bound
• present in both women and men
• categorize as feminine (pagkababae)
and masculine (pagkalalaki)
• attributes are marked by inequality
17. Gender Roles
Gender Roles
of Women
Gender Roles
of Men
Cooking
Childcare
Housekeeping
Leader
Providing
income for
the family
18. Gender Roles
Gender Roles
of Men
Gender Roles
of Women
Cooking
Childcare
Housekeeping
Leader
Providing
income for
the family
20. Roots of Gender Socialization
CHILD-REARING
Gender begins the
moment a child is born.
Dressing girl babies
in pink and boy
babies in blue.
Family
21. The process of VERBAL APPELLATION
… telling children what they
are and what is expected of them.
Feminine Masculine
Submissive
Gentle
Emotional
Talkative
Passive
Dominant
Aggressive
Adventurer
Not
emotional
Assertive
22. The process of CANALIZATION
… people direct children’s
attention to gender appropriate
objects.
The process of MANIPULATION
… people handle girls
and boys differently
even as infants.
28. Sexism in Language
- The use of language which devalues members of
one sex, almost invariably women, thus foster
gender inequality.
Ex. The use of the genetic masculine
Subsuming all humanity in the terms of man,
father, brother, master.
Current Usage … Alternative …
man human being, human
mankind, men humankind, people
forefather ancestor
layman layperson, non-specialist
manpower human resources, staff,
personnel, labor force
29. Sexism in Language
Current Usage … Alternative …
man-made manufactured, synthetic,
artificial
early man early people, early men and
women/human beings
The Singular Masculine Pronouns “He,” “His,” “Him”
Current Usage… Alternative…
If a customer has a Customers with complaints
complaint, send him should be sent to the
to the service desk. service desk.
30. Sexism in Language
The Singular Masculine Pronouns “He,” “His,” “Him”
Current Usage… Alternative…
Each student should All students should bring
bring his notebooks their notebooks to class
to class everyday. everyday.
The handicapped child may Handicapped children may be
be able to feed himself. able to feed themselves.
When a reporter cover a When reporters cover
controversial story, he has controversial stories, they
responsibility to present have responsibility to present
both sides of the issue. both sides of the issue.
31. Sexism in Language
Terms ending in man to refer to functions that may
be performed by individuals of either sex
Current Usage… Alternative…
anchorman anchor, anchorperson
businessman business executive,
manager/owner
cameraman camera operator, photo-
grapher, cinematographer
chairman chairperson, chair
congressman representative, member of
congress, legislator
firemen firefighters
32. Sexism in Language
Terms ending in man to refer to functions that may
be performed by individuals of either sex
Current Usage… Alternative…
foreman supervisor
policeman police officer, law enforcer/
officer
salesman salesperson, sales representative,
sales agent
spokesman spokesperson, representative
sportsmen sports enthusiasts
statesmen diplomats, political leaders
watchmen guards
36. Gender Subordination
Secondary status of
women in society,
because of this they
have less access to
and control over
resources for
development and
its benefits.
37. Gender Issues
gender linked beliefs (ideas,
attitudes and behavior), systems,
processes, conditions and situations
that BLOCK an individual’s (man
or woman) attainment of full
potentials or a satisfying life.
39. Gender Issues
• Multiple Burden
Refers to doing unpaid work in the home,
paid work as members of the workforce
and volunteer work in the community
Multiple burden in terms of longer hours
of work and greater responsibility at home,
in the community and at the workplace.
40. Gender Issues
• Violence Against
Women (VAW)
Women become victims of all forms
of violence, like battering, rape,
sexual harassment, female genital
mutilation and other traditional
practices harmful to women simply
because they are women and
occupy a subordinate status
in society.
42. Examples of Acts of Sexual Harassment
Physical
- any sexually suggestive
physical contact that is
uninvited, unwanted and
offensive such as hugging,
holding, grasping, stroking,
touching, or positioning
one’s body closer than what is
socially acceptable or
necessary.
43. Examples of Acts of Sexual Harassment
Visual / Non-Verbal
- making sexually suggestive
gestures with one’s tongue,
lips, face, eyes, hands, fingers,
or through body movements…
Ex. Staring, ogling, peeping,
stalking, displaying sexually
aggressive materials, persistent
courting or amorous advances,
despite the clear refusal by the
object of attention.
44. Examples of Acts of Sexual Harassment
Verbal
- whistling or making catcalls
- making sexual comments about a
person’s body or appearance
- explicit or implicit demand for sex
or related acts as a condition for
securing employment, advancement,
promotion, protection , etc.
- narrating green jokes or sexually
vulgar stories, asking personal
questions about a person’s sexual life
- telling lies or spreading humors about a
person’s sex life
45. Sexual Harassment is a
Human Rights Violation
It comprises one’s personal safety and security (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights – UDHR, Art. 3)
It subjects the victim to indignities and degrading treatment
(UDHR, Art. 5)
Sexual Harassment is a form of
Gender-Based Discrimination
Unhealthy, unsafe working and educational environments
prevent women from fully exercising the rights to work and
education (CEDAW, Arts. 10 & 11)
It seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and
freedoms on a basis of equality with men (CEDAW Arts. 1 & 3…)
46. Gender Issues as Perceived by the Selected
Constituents and LGU Representatives
from Rizal Province
(Source: Gender Responsiveness of Local Government Units in
Rizal Province, a research study conducted by W. P. Masinsin)
Gender Issues
Constituents LGU
Representatives
Overall
Ave.
Mean
V.I. Rank Ave.
Mean
V.I. Rank Ave.
Mean
V.I. Rank
1. Multiple Burden 3.42 A 1 3.46 A 1 3.43 A 1
2. Violence Against Women 3.20 MA 2 3.20 MA 2 3.20 MA 2
3. Obstacles to Person-
hood Development
2.69 MA 6 2.68 MA 5 2.69 MA 6
4. Gender Stereotyping 2.70 MA 5 2.78 MA 4 2.73 MA 5
5. Economic Marginalization 3.01 MA 3 2.94 MA 3 2.98 MA 3
6. Political Subordination 2.82 MA 4 2.61 MA 6 2.73 MA 4
Overall Mean 3.01 MA 2.94 MA 2.98 MA
Legend: MA = Moderately Agree A = Agree
48. Just like an iceberg, our culture has
hardened through the years. It has
become an intrinsic part of our being;
and is therefore, not easy to change.
49. Just like an iceberg, our
culture can also become
disadvantageous and
harmful to us. It can keep
us from going to where we
need to go, or from
becoming what we want to
be. Nonetheless, our
culture, like an iceberg,
can be reshaped and can
be changed over time.
50. The recognition that women have
contributions, potentials and
rights, and should be the equal
partners of men in development,
took more than two decades to
establish within the global
community…
51. UN’s declaration of the - 1975
International Women’s Year
International Conventions and Conferences:
• Conventions on the Elimination - 1979
of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
• World Conference on Human - 1993
Rights in Vienna
• International Conference on - 1994
Population and Development
in Cairo
• Fourth World Conference on - 1995
Women in Beijing
52. They led to the discussion of specific actions
to protect the human rights of women and
improve women’s lives and status.
Covenants and the adoption of a common
agenda have resulted from these events,
such as the Beijing Platform for Action
(plus 5), and the declaration of commitments
among countries to eliminate all forms of
discrimination against women.
Millennium Development Goals 2015-2020
which sets goals and targets for
human development.
Goal No. 3 – Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women
67. The war served as the
turning point of
women and they
exploit the
opportunities opened
to them by the war.
68. Early Initiatives
During World War II, women kept the
industries running and they enjoyed their
work. However, after the war, the men had
to go back to their work. They re-
assumed the functions of supervisors and
managers. Hence, women were relegated
to their roles at home. Men were
considered “returning heroes,” so they
were rewarded with high positions and
salaries.
69. Early Initiatives (1945 After the WWII)
• Equality between women and men started
with the UN Declaration of Human Rights,
• Projects were welfare-related (health,
nutrition and reproductive roles of women),
• Government focused on rebuilding,
resources were put into infrastructures
so that economy would grow,
• NGOs and women’s movement focused on
relief work to rehabilitate the nation from
the war.
70. Women in Development (WID) - 1970
Women were excluded from the development
process, they should be integrated into on going
development initiatives, and they need to change
to benefit from development.
• Projects were aimed to increase women’s income
and productivity,
• Women were trained in skills that served to
extend their work at home:
- peanut butter making - soap making
- candle making - etc.
- food processing
• Projects involved only women participants.
71. Women and Development (WAD) -
early half of 1970s
• End of the decade saw the launching of militant
women’s group,
• Women were marginalized,
• Perspective on development that advocated the
changing of class structure to achieve gender
equality. That meant a parallel women’s world of
culture, education and commerce, that would value
and promote women’s perspective and interests,
• Strategies tended to concentrate on income
generating projects for women.
73. Gender and Development (GAD) -
emerged in the 1980s
• Unequal power relations between women and men
prevent equitable relations and the full participation
of women in development,
• Focuses on social, economic, political and cultural
forces that determine how men and women can
equally participate in, benefit from and control
project resources along women’s empowerment
framework,
• Identifies and addresses practical and strategic
gender interests.
74. Gender and Development (GAD)
GAD is a development perspective
that recognizes the unequal status
and situations of women and
men in society.
75. The concept of development also
includes an element of equality-
that material benefits from the
development process should be fairly
distributed, especially to benefit those
most in need, the disadvantaged and
the most vulnerable.
Development Process Seen
from a Gender Perspective
76. Equality of Opportunity means that
everybody has an equal chance, especially
for equal access, there is no structural
discrimination standing in the way of any
individual or social group.
Gender sensitivity is the ability to
recognize gender issues, and especially
the ability to recognize women’s different
perceptions and interests arising from
their different social location and
different gender roles
77. Empowerment is an important
element of development, being
the process by which people take
control and action in order to
overcome obstacles.
78. Development Process
Seen from a Gender
Perspective
Equality of opportunity for women
would mean ending all gender
discrimination.
79. Legal Mandates for GAD
1987 Philippine Constitution –
Article II, Sec. 14 provides that
the State recognizes the role of
women in nation-building, and
shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of
women and men.
80. Legal Mandates for GAD
Republic Act 7192, Women in
Development and Nation-Building
Act- laid the groundwork for
institutionalizing gender concerns
in national development efforts
adopting the GAD approach in
policies and programs.
81. Legal Mandates for GAD
R.A. 7192, directs all government
agencies to institute measures
that would eliminate gender bias
in government policies, programs
and project, to ensure that women
are given the means to participate
fully in development and
nation building.
82. Other National Laws on Women
• Anti-Discrimination Law (RA 6725)
• Migrant Workers and Overseas
Filipino Act (RA 8042)
• Solo Parents’ Welfare Act of 2000
(RA 8972)
• Anti-Mail Order Bride Law (RA 6955)
• Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877)
• Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353)
83. • Anti-Violence Against Women
and their Children Act (RA 9262)
• Special Protection of Children
Against Child Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act (RA 7610)
• Sexuality Education (LOI, 47, 1972)
• Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)9710)
Other National Laws on Women
• Others
