gender concpets pdf

1. Introduction to Gender

3.  GENDER and Sex
 Gender Roles
 Sex Roles
 Gender Role Stereotyping
 Gender Blind
 Gender Neutral
 Gender issues
 Gender Discrimination
 Gender Gap
 Gender Mainstreaming

4.  Gender Needs
 Practical Gender Needs
 Strategic Gender Needs
 GENDER LENS
 SEX DISAGGREGATED DATA
 GENDER ANALYSIS
 GENDER PLANNING
 Care Economy
 Gender Equality
 GENDER EQUITY
 Approaches to equality
 GENDER DISCRIMINATION
 GENDER SENSITIVITY /SENSITIZATION

5.  Feminist Theories
 Gender Analysis
 Gender Analysis of Different Departments
 Gender Analysis of Federal, Punjab and
District Budget.
 Gender Budgeting & Budgeting Tools
 Gender Audit
 Gender & Politics
 Gender and Sports
 Gender & Theology
 Gender Equal Society

6. Sex.
 Anatomical differences of human being.
 The biological make-up of men and women , boys
and girls – the physical attributes with which we are
born.
Gender.
 Culturally and socially constructed roles,
responsibilities , privileges, relation, and
expectations of women and men , boys and girls.

7. Gender
 Gender is not another word for women .
 Gender is not another word for sexual difference.
Sex. Biological
Gender. Sociological

8. 8
SEX GENDER
Biologically Determined
Given
Unchanging
Universal
Socially Constructed
Learnt
Dynamic
Differs

9. Sex Roles
 Sex Roles refer to an qualification is to belong to one
particular sex category.
 For Example:
Pregnancy is a female sex role because only
members of the female sex may bear children.

10. Gender Role
 A set of prescriptions for action and behaviour
allocated to women and men respectively, and
inculcated and maintained as described under
“Gender Contract”.
 The different task and responsibilities and
expectations that society defines and allocates to
men and women , boys and girls.
 These are not necessarily determined by biological
make-up and therefore can change with time and in
different situation.

11. Gender Role
 Gender Roles are learned behaviors in a given
society /community or other special group, that
condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities
are perceived as male and female.
 Gender roles are affected by age, class, race,
ethnicity, religion, and by the geographical,
economic and political environment.
 Changing in gender roles, often occur in response to
changing in economic, natural or political
circumstances.

12. Productive Role:
 Both men and women play multiple roles in society.
 Productive Role:-
Activities carried out by men and women in order to
produce goods and services either for sale ,
exchange, or to meet the subsistence needs of the
family.
For Example: Agriculture, Productive activities,
business, jobs etc etc.

13. Reproductive Role
 Refers to activities needed to ensure the
reproduction of society’s labour force. This includes
child bearing, rearing, and care of family members
such as children, elderly and workers. These tasks
mostly done by the women in our Pakistani Society.

14. Community Managing Role
 Activities undertaking primarily by women at the
community level, as an extension of their
reproductive role, to ensure the provision and
maintenance of scarce resources of collective
consumption such as water, health care and
education.
 This is voluntary unpaid work undertaken in “ Free”
time.

15. Community Politics Role
 Activities undertaken primarily by men at the
community level, organizing at the formal political
level. Often within the framework of national politics.
this work is usually undertaken by the men and may
be paid directly or result in increased power and
status.

16. Triple Role / Multiple Burden
 These terms refers to the fact that women tend to
work longer and more fragmented days than men as
they are usually involved in three different gender
roles.
 Reproductive
 Productive
 Community work

17. Women’s Triple Role.
 Women’s triple roles refers to the
- Reproductive
- Productive and
- Community managing roles.
 The way these forms are valued affects, the way
women and men set priorities in planning , programs
and projects.
 The taking or not taking into consideration of these
forms can make or break women’s chances of taking
advantages of development opportunities.

18. Stereotype:
 A fixed idea that people have about what someone or
something is like , especially an idea that is wrong.

19. Gender Role Stereotyping
 Is the constant representation , such as in the media
or in the books, of women and men occupying social
roles according to the traditional gender division of
labor in a particular society.
 The assignment of roles, tasks and responsibilities
to a particular Gender on the basis of preconceived
prejudice.

20. 20
Gender Attributes
What features we
would like to see in males?
What features we
would like to see in females?

21. 21
Muscular Weak
Fearless Beautiful
Big income Short
Competent Less competent
Economically independent Economically dependent
Hoarse and manly voice Sweet and melodious voice
Tall Long hair
Short hair Lovely
Aggressive Cook
Adventurous Caring
Loud and forceful Obedient
Hard-hearted Compromising

22. 22
Muscular Weak
Fearless Beautiful
Big income Short
Competent Less competent
Economically independent Economically dependent
Hoarse and manly voice Sweet and melodious voice
Tall Long hair
Short hair Lovely
Aggressive Cook
Adventurous Caring
Loud and forceful Obedient
Hard-hearted Compromising

23. Gender Attribution / Gender Perception:
 The process of making assumptions about another
person’s gender, based on factors such as choice of
dress, voice modulation, body shape etc etc.

24. Gender Dynamics:
 Refers to the relationship and interaction between
and among boys,girls,women,and men.
 Gender dynamics are informed by socio-cultural
ideas about gender and the power relationships that
define them.

25. Bias:
 Any attitude ,belief , or feeling that results in, and
help to justify , unfair treatment of an individual
because of his or her identity.

26. Gender Bias:
 An approach that impacts more positively on male
than female, or on Female than Male.

27. Gender Blind
 An Approach that doesn’t recognize that there may
be difference in situation, needs, feelings, interest
etc etc. of women, men , girls, boys.
 It is the failure of recognize that the roles and
responsibilities of men/boys and women/girls are
given to them in specific social , cultural, economic
and political context and background.

28. Gender Neutral
 An approach to planning that treats women, men,
girls, boys, as if they are part of one homogeneous
group.
 Refers to anything – A concept , an entity , a style of
language – that is unassociated with either the male
or female gender.

29. Gender Balance
 Is a Human resource issue. It is about the equal
participation of women and men in all areas of work.

30. Gender Norms
 Are the standards and expectations:
 Are the accepted attributes and characteristics of
male and female gendered identity at a particular
point in time for a specific society or community.

31. Gender Relation
 Gender relations are the specific sub-set of a social
relation uniting men and women as social groups in
particular community.
 Gender relations are a social construct , they can be
changed.

32. Gender Contract
 A set of implicit and explicit rules governing gender
relations which allocate different work and value ,
responsibilities and obligations to men and women
and is maintained in three levels:
 1. Cultural superstructure:
- the norms and values of the society.
 2. Institutions:
- family welfare, education, and employment system.
 3. Socialization processes:
- notably in the family and peer group.

33. Gender Issues
 Arise where an instance of Gender inequality is
recognized as undesirable or unjust.
 Three aspects of Gender issues
1 – Gender Gap
2 - Gender Discrimination
3- Gender’s Oppression

34. Gender Discrimination
 Means to give differential treatment to individuals on
the grounds of their Gender.

35. Direct Discrimination
 Where a person is treated less favourably because
of his or her sex.

36. Indirect Discrimination
 Where a law , regulation, policy, or practice ,
apparently neutral , has a disproportionate adverse
impact on the members of one sex, unless the
difference of treatment can be justified by objective
factors.

37. Systematic Discrimination
 Systematic discrimination is caused by policies and
practices that are built into the ways that institutions
operate, and that have the effect of excluding women
and minorities.
 For example: in societies where the belief is strong that
whatever happens within the household is the concern of
household member only, the police force and judiciary
organization within the institution of the state are likely
routinely to avoid addressing questions of domestic
violence , leading to systematic discrimination against all
the women who experience violence within the home.

38. De jure & De facto Discrimination
 CEDAW convention recognize and addressed these
form of discrimination.
 De jure ( Law )
 De factor ( Practice )

39. Gender Gap
 Unfair differences in the situation or access to
services of men and women.
 These may result from customary practice , religious
biases, social assumption, Myths or Taboos, among
others.

40. Gender Oppression
 Where one Gender dominates the other.

41. Gender Awareness
 Means the ability to identify problems arising from
gender inequality and discrimination,

42. Gender Sensitivity
 Means the ability to recognize gender issues.
 Taking into account the gender dimensions
 The same as Gender awareness , although Gender
awareness can also mean the extra-ability to
recognize gender issues which remain hidden.

43. Affirmative action
 Measures targeted at a particular group and intended
to eliminate and prevent discrimination or to offset
disadvantages arising from existing attitude,
behaviours and structures.

44. Gender Needs
 Women and men have different roles , have different
access to and control over resources and face
different types of constraints , they usually different
needs and priorities.

45. Practical Gender Needs
 Needs which are related to satisfying basic and
material needs of women and men , girls and boys or
their day-to-day survival, and which do not change
Gender patterns.


46. Strategic Gender Needs
 Needs that related to changing the situation of
marginalized people, especially women.
 Strategic needs may include such issues as legal
rights, equal wages, and women’s control over
resources.

47. Gender Schemas
 Gender Schemas are a set of non-conscious
hypotheses about sex or gender differences that
affect our expectations of females and males,
evaluation of their work, and their performance or
achievement.
 Gender Schemas refers to our intuitive hypotheses
about the behaviors, Traits and preferences of
females and males.

48. Inclusive language
 Gender Non-specific language .
 Partner instead of husband or wife.
 He, she, miss, mrs, mr. etc etc.

49. Care Economy
 The part of human activity, both meterial and social,
that is concerned with the process of caring for the
present and future labour force, and the human
population as a whole, including the domestic
provisioning of food, clothing and shelter.
Social reproduction is the provisioning of all such
needs throughout the economy, whether part of the
paid or unpaid components.
 The care economy is defined as the work done ,
mainly households, for caring .

50. Informal economy /work
 Unpaid economic activities done for the direct
benefit of the household or of related and friends’
households on a reciprocal basis.

51. Domestic Work
 Work done primarily to maintain household. Domestic
includes the provision of food and other necessities,
cleaning, caring for children and the sick and elderly,
etc.
Domestic work is mostly performed by women and is
therefore poorly valued in social and economic term.

52. Gender Pay Gap
 The percentage difference between median hourly
earning of men and women , excluding overtime
payments.
 Causes:
Human capital difference
Difference in educational level
work experience
Part-Time working
travel pattern

53. Empowerment
 Refers to increasing the spiritual , political, social or
economical strengthen of individual or communities.

54. Women Empowerment
 Empowerment of women or girls concerns women
and girls gaining power and control over their lives.
 It involves awareness – raising , building self
confidence , expansion of choices, increased access
to and control over resources and action to
transform the structure and institution.

55. Women in Development ( WID )
 In the early 1970’s researchers began to focus on the
division of labour based on sex and the impact of
development and modernization strategies on
women. The WID concept, came into use in this
period.
 The philosophy underlying this approach is that
women are lagging behind in society and that the
gap between men and women can be bridged by
taking remedial measures with in the existing
structure.

56. WID……
 The WID approach started to recognize women as
direct actor of social , political, and cultural and
working life.

57. Gender and Development ( GAD )
 Approach concentrating on the unequal relations
between men and women due to “uneven playing
field”. The term gender as an analytical tool arose,
therefore , form an increasing awareness of
inequalities due to institutional structure.
 It focuses not only on women, as an isolated and
homogeneous group , but on the roles and needs of
both men and women.
 Given that women are usually in disadvantages
position as compared to men, promotion of gender
equality implies an explicit attention to women’s
need, interests and perspectives.

58. GAD…….
 The objective is the advancement of the status of
women in society, with gender equality is the
ultimate goal.
 Condition
safe water, credit, seeds, food, shelter
 Position
social and economic standing in society.

59. Gender Planning
 An active approach to planning which takes gender
as a key variable or criteria and which seeks to
integrate an explicit gender dimension into policies
and action.

60. Gender Based Violence ( GBV )
 Is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is
committed against a person’s will and that is based
on socially ascribed (gender) difference between
females and males.
 The nature and extent of specific types of GBV cary
across cultures, countries and regions.
 e.g. Sexual violence, sexual exploitation /abuse, and
forced prostitution, domestic violence, trafficking,
forced marriages, early marriages , harmful
traditional practices, such as female genital
mutilation, honour killing, and widow inheritance.

61. Thank You