2. Gender and Development
Refers to the development perspective
which recognizes the equal contribution of
women and men in all aspects/sectors of
development
3. OBJECTIVES
Increase awareness of gender issues and
concerns, and commitment to respond to
these
Increase knowledge how gender shapes
the roles of women and men in society
including their role in development, and
how it affects relations between them
4. 4 Premises of GAD
GAD is not a war of the sexes
GAD is not anti-male
Both women and men are victims of
gender inequality, although the victims are
more often women than men; and
6. Gender, Development and
Human Rights
National Objectives
Poverty Eradication
Human Development
Equitable Distribution of Wealth
“All human beings are born free and equal
in dignity and rights”
7. Global and National Mandates for GAD
Convention on all Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CFDAW)
Beijing Platform for Action (BPA)
Women in Development and Nation
Building Act, RA 7192
Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development 1995-2025 (PPGD)
GAD Budget Policy
8. Constitutional Rights
Equality before the law of men and
women
Recognizes the sanctity of family, life and
equally protects the life of the mother and
her newborn
Affords protection for women by providing
safe and healthful working conditions
9. Gender and Development (GAD)
An approach to paradigm or development
focusing on social, economic, political and
cultural forces that determine how
differently women and men participate in,
benefit from, and control resources and
activities
10. To achieve equality, development &
peace
Empowerment of all women
Full realization of HR and fundamental
freedoms of women
Full participation in all spheres of society
including participation in the decision making
process and access to power
Removal of all obstacles to women’s active
participation
15. Sex
Is a natural distinguishing variable based
on biological characteristics of being a
woman or a man
Refers to physical attributes pertaining to
a person’s body contours, features,
genitals, hormones, genes chromosomes
and reproductive organs
Is what people are born with
Is permanent in nature
Physical identity of the person
16. Gender
Socially differentiated roles, Characteristics
expectations and values assigned by
culture and society to men and women that
identify their behaviors and the
relationships between them
Created and maintained by social
institutions such as families, communities,
schools, churches and media
Socially learned behavior
Temporary in nature
17. If you are a man,
be masculine
If you are a woman,
be feminine
18. Gender Roles
Are the activities ascribed to men and
women on the basis of perceived
differences. The characteristics they are
perceived to have, and the roles and
responsibilities assigned to them differ
among society, cultures and historical
periods.
Gender Issues
Are problems and concerns that emerge
from using gender as a basis for assigning
roles, functions, responsibilities, resources
and entitlements to individuals
19. Gender Issues and Concerns
Beliefs, expectations, behaviors
And experiences that result in
unequal relationships between
women and men
20. Gender Issues and Concerns
Arise from societal expectations and
perceptions on the roles of women and
men that impede the opportunities for
women to participate in the development
process and enjoy its benefits
Affect men and women
21. Gender roles are highly resistant to change
due to continuous exposure to and
reinforcement of gender differentiation
22. Gender roles are not inborn, they are
learned.
If gender roles can be learned, they can
also be “unlearned”
23. GENDER ROLES
- are learned behaviors
- are affected by age, class, race, religion, or
other ideologies and others
- are tasks and responsibilities assigned to men
and women based on cultural beliefs
SEX ROLES
- refer to an occupation or biological function
24. Female gender roles are associated with
appropriate concepts of femininity and traits
such as:
Submissiveness
Modesty
nurturance
25. Male gender roles are associated with
appropriate concepts of masculinity and
traits such as:
Dominance
Assertiveness
instrumentality
26. Men’s Gender Roles
Men have more visible and recognized roles than
women largely because men are paid for their
productive work and women are not
Men do not usually do domestic and households tasks.
Men’s community management roles tend to involve
political organization and leadership
Women’s Gender Roles
Triple Role of Women:
1. Productive Role
2.Reproductive Role
3.Community Management.
27. Gender Roles are divided into 3 Main
Categories
1. Productive Work
- production of good and services for
consumption and trade
- both women and men can be involved in
productive activities but their functions and
responsibilities will differ according to gender
division of labor
- women’s productive works often not visible
and less than men.
28. 2. Reproductive Work
- involves the care and maintenance of the
household and its members including bearing
and caring for children, food preparation, water
and fuel collection, shopping, housekeeping and
family health care
- it is seldom considered real work
- it is the most part labor intensive and time-
consuming
-it is almost always the responsibility of women
and girls
29. 3. Community Works
– involves the collective organization of social events
and services, ceremonies and celebrations,
community improvement activities, participations in
groups and organizations, local political activities
and others carried out for the benefit of the
community
- seldom considered in economic analysis of
communities
-Both women and men are involved although a
gender division of labor also prevails here
30. Male and female gender roles develop since
childhood which lead to gender
differentiation
31. Gender differentiation keeps women in
positions, behavior, relationships deemed
culturally appropriate
Occupations
Household socialization
Nurturance task
No access to the public world of power,
achievement and independence
32. Gender differentiation denies men to be
nurturant, emotive and other oriented world
of domestic life
divides men and women from each other,
and limits the psychological and social potential
of human beings
33. Some Gender Biases Against Men
Incapable of nurturing attitude and to
activities in the domestic life
Incapable of experiencing human
emotions
Inherently aggressive, strong, and violent
Inherently expressive in their sexuality
Don’t‘ need closeness, reassurance, and
attention
35. Examples
Work
Economic participation
Agriculture
Education
Health and nutrition
Public life
Peace and human rights
Violence against women
Subordination
Disempowerment
Stereotyping
Double/multiple burden
36. Division of Labor
Is a term used in gender literature to
mean the role and task assigned to
women and men on the basis of
perceived gender characteristics and
attributes instead of ability and skills
37. RA 7192
Women in Development and Nation Building Act
- An Act promoting the integration of women as full and
equal partners of men in development and nation building
and for other purposes
- sets aside development funds to support women's
programs
- ensures that government programs benefit women equally
- calls for all rules and regulations to be free from gender
bias
- provides that married women shall have the same rights as
their husband with respect to contracts, loans, travel
documents, and agrarian reform.
38. How to Mainstream Gender
GAD Focal Point
Planning and Budget System
Organizational Performance Indicator
Framework (OPIF)
Policies, Systems and Procedures
Programs and Projects
39. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development (PPGD)(EO 273)
Period of implementation (1995-2025
lays out development goals and strategies
that will make gender equity innate in
public programs and policies.
ensures that women-friendly policies can
take root and flourish despite the barriers
posed by traditional attitudes and
stereotyping.
