2. DEFINITIONS
• Cite (v): refer to (a text, book or author) as evidence for or
justification of an argument or statement; to give an example.
• Include an in-text citation (n) when you refer to, summarize,
paraphrase, or quote from another source.
For every in-text citation, there must be a corresponding entry in your
reference list.
• Reference list (n): contains details of all sources cited in the text.
is arranged alphabetically by author’s surname
is placed at the end of your essay
3. Why do we reference?
Shows the reader what you have read
Enables the reader to locate the sources referred to in your essay
Supports and strengthens your argument
Demonstrates academic integrity: to acknowledge the sources that
you use
4. So how do I include in-text citations in my essay?
Step 1
Go to your article.
Step 2
Choose a sentence from the article that supports your stance (agree/disagree).
(NOTE: Your teacher may have already done this for you)!
Step 3
Paraphrase this sentence: (Review notes on paraphrasing)
word order, synonyms, etc.
Step 4
Put this paraphrase into an in-text citation.
5. The simple version
1. According to Author (date), paraphrase.
2.Paraphrase (Author date).
3.Author (date) states that paraphrase.
6. EXAMPLE:
Essay topic: Cultural diversity needs to be taught more in schools.
Opinion/Stance: AGREE
ARTICLE INFORMATION:
Title of Article
Lawmakers in California want all students to take ethnic studies class.
Link
https://newsela.com/read/california-ethnic-studies/id/56042/
Author
Los Angeles Times, adapted by Newsela staff on 28/08/2019
Type of Document according to Harvard Referencing Guide:
Newspaper article available in print
7. Original Text
Ethnic studies teaches students how to think about the world,
some say. They teach them to work to end racism.
Paraphrased Text
Studying about people from different ethnic backgrounds
instructs pupils how to put an end to racism, by considering
the world as a whole.
8. In-text citation STYLE 1: Using According to
According to Author (date) comma paraphrase.
Example:
According to the Los Angeles Times (2019), write your paraphrase here.
Original Text
Ethnic studies teach students how to think about the world, some say. They
teach them to work to end racism.
Paraphrased Text
According to the Los Angeles Times (2019), studying about people from
different ethnic backgrounds instructs pupils how to put an end to racism,
by considering the world as a whole.
9. Original Text
The study plan looks at four groups. They are Latinos, Asian-
Americans, African-Americans and native people. Arab-Americans,
Pacific Islanders and Central Americans are also included.
Paraphrased Text
Seven different ethnic groups are being examined, these are:
African-Americans, Asian-Americans, Native Americans, Central
Americans, Pacific Islanders, Arab-Americans and Latinos.
10. In-text citation Style 2: end of the paraphrase
With the citation at the end of the sentence - after the paraphrase - using (Author date) full stop.
Example:
Paraphrase (Los Angeles Times 2019).
Original Text
The study plan looks at four groups. They are Latinos, Asian-Americans, African-Americans and native
people. Arab-Americans, Pacific Islanders and Central Americans are also included.
Paraphrased Text
Seven different ethnic groups are being examined, these are: African-Americans, Asian-Americans,
Native Americans, Central Americans, Pacific Islanders, Arab-Americans and Latinos (The Los Angeles
Times 2019).
11. Original Text
The plan also has been criticised by some Jewish groups.
They say it wrongly leaves them out.
Paraphrased Text
Some groups of Jewish people have been critical of the plan
because they claim it excludes them.
12. In-text citation Style 3: At the beginning of the
sentence, before the paraphrase.
Author (date) + reporting verb + that + paraphrase
Example:
The Los Angeles Times (2019) states that paraphrase.
Original Text
The plan also has been criticised by some Jewish groups. They say it wrongly leaves them out.
Paraphrased Text
The Los Angeles Times (2019) states that some groups of Jewish people have been critical of the
plan because they claim it excludes them.
13. The simple version again:
1. According to Author (date), paraphrase.
2.Paraphrase (Author date).
3.Author (date) states that paraphrase.
14. Reference List
• Reference list (n): contains details of all sources cited in the text.
is arranged alphabetically by author
is placed at the end of your work
Refer to the Harvard Referencing Guide
15. Sample Reference List
NOTE: It is in alphabetical order A-Z by surname.
Blocker, D & Wahl-Alexander, Z 2018, 'Using sport education in a university physical activity course', JOPERD:
The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 56-61.
Cancer Council 2017, Causes of cancer, Cancer Council, viewed 21 May 2018,
<https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/>.
Foot, G 2019, ‘Health drinks: turmeric', The best thing since sliced bread?, podcast, 20 February, accessed 25
February 2019, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p071h3tx>.
Fujishin, R 2016, Natural bridges: a guide to interpersonal communication, Routledge, Abbingdon, England.
Hasler, E 2018, The built environment, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
Hay, B 2016, ‘Drone tourism: a study of the current and potential use of drones in hospitality and
tourism’, CAUTHE 2016: the changing landscape of tourism and hospitality: the impact of emerging markets
and emerging destinations, Blue Mountains, Sydney, 8-11 February, 2016, pp. 49-68.
16. What are Reporting Verbs?
https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/references/reporting/
Verbs which are used when you report on or refer to another writer's
work.
They are needed to connect the in-text citation to the information
which you are citing.
The most commonly used reporting verb is states (followed by that).
For example: University of Adelaide (2014) states that using the
same reporting verb all the time is both repetitive and boring.
17. Direct Quotes and Paraphrasing
Watch this You Tube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ed7n63JFY6M
https://library.westernsydney.edu.au/main/sites/default/files/pdf/cite_Harvard.pdf
