Annotated Bibliography Secondary Research Report An annotated bibliography is a list of sources you plan to use for a research project. In addition to a citation for each source, the annotations provide helpful information, like what a source is about and how reliable it is. While researching for Project 1, you will need to find sources that help you better understand your topic and answer your research question. For this assignment, you will gather and organize sources for Project 1, as well as evaluate their reliability. ENTRIES & ANNOTATIONS For each source, include a full, accurate MLA citation (see Purdue OWL or our Library Guide for more information) After the citation, you should include the following information in separate bullet points Type of source What makes this source reliable? Think about the place of publication, author’s credentials, content, etc. What is this source about? Summarize the content in 2-3 sentences. This should be written in your own words and should NOT include direct quotations! How will this source fit into your Secondary Research Report? How does it relate to your other sources? SOURCE GUIDELINES MINimum 10 sources MINimum 2 empirical studies (scholarly) MAXimum 1 video MAXimum 2 sources from our Library Guide MAXimum 2 sources in a non-English language Sources can be scholarly or non-scholarly and include: general or specialized encyclopedias journals books magazines newspapers interviews websites government documents surveys public presentations Sources can be used for general background about your topic, for example: Definitions of terms or explanations of basic concepts Establishing what the issue/conflict/problem is Statistics indicating how many international students study at US universities Sources can be used for more specific information, for example: A study of university students’ perceptions of their instructor’s accent A blog post about an instructor’s struggles to make her class more interesting for students FORMAT Include a heading with your issue and research question Organize your entries into sections based on how you plan to use the sources Within each section, arrange your entries alphabetically by author’s last name See sample Annotated Bibliography below: Research Question: How does neoliberalism affect the way international students are portrayed in academic literature? GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. Institute of International Education. Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. 18 Nov. 2019, http://www.iie.org/opendoors. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. Statistical report It comes from a not-for-profit organization that has been gathering information about student enrollment for for 100 years This report tells how many international students study in the US and where they come from. It also provides financial information, such as where their funding comes from and how much they contribute to the US economy. This source will be used for background information to s.

1. Annotated Bibliography
Secondary Research Report
An annotated bibliography is a list of sources you plan to use
for a research project. In addition to a citation for each source,
the annotations provide helpful information, like what a source
is about and how reliable it is.
While researching for Project 1, you will need to find sources
that help you better understand your topic and answer your
research question. For this assignment, you will gather and
organize sources for Project 1, as well as evaluate their
reliability.
ENTRIES & ANNOTATIONS
For each source, include a full, accurate MLA citation (see
Purdue OWL or our Library Guide for more information)
After the citation, you should include the following information
in separate bullet points
Type of source
What makes this source reliable? Think about the place of
publication, author’s credentials, content, etc.
What is this source about? Summarize the content in 2-3
sentences. This should be written in your own words and should
NOT include direct quotations!
How will this source fit into your Secondary Research Report?
How does it relate to your other sources?
SOURCE GUIDELINES
MINimum 10 sources
MINimum 2 empirical studies (scholarly)

2. MAXimum 1 video
MAXimum 2 sources from our Library Guide
MAXimum 2 sources in a non-English language
Sources can be scholarly or non-scholarly and include:
general or specialized encyclopedias
journals
books
magazines
newspapers
interviews
websites
government documents
surveys
public presentations
Sources can be used for general background about your topic,
for example:
Definitions of terms or explanations of basic concepts
Establishing what the issue/conflict/problem is
Statistics indicating how many international students study at
US universities
Sources can be used for more specific information, for example:
A study of university students’ perceptions of their instructor’s
accent
A blog post about an instructor’s struggles to make her class
more interesting for students
FORMAT
Include a heading with your issue and research question
Organize your entries into sections based on how you plan to
use the sources
Within each section, arrange your entries alphabetically by
author’s last name
See sample Annotated Bibliography below:

3. Research Question:
How does neoliberalism affect the way international students
are portrayed in academic literature?
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Institute of International Education. Open Doors Report on
International Educational Exchange. 18 Nov. 2019,
http://www.iie.org/opendoors. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020.
Statistical report
It comes from a not-for-profit organization that has been
gathering information about student enrollment for for 100
years
This report tells how many international students study in the
US and where they come from. It also provides financial
information, such as where their funding comes from and how
much they contribute to the US economy.
This source will be used for background information to show
how many international students are in the US
2. Taylor, Charles. Modern Social Imaginaries. Public Culture,
vol. 14, no. 1, 2002, pp. 91–124.
Academic article (essay, not research)
It was published in a scholarly journal and the author’s work
has been cited thousands of times by other scholars
This essay is very conceptual and talks about how a certain
imagined existence led to the norms of modern Western society.
There’s a lot of information that’s not really relevant to my
project, and I’m mostly interested in the definition of social
imaginaries, which is basically a culture’s way of understanding
the world.
The Stein and Oliveira de Andreotti article talks about social
imaginaries, so I needed this source to provide a definition of
the concept
GLOBALIZATION OF UNIVERSITIES & RECRUITMENT OF

4. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
3. Agarwal, Vinod B., and Donald R. Winkler. “Foreign
Demand for United States Higher Education: A Study of
Developing Countries in the Eastern Hemisphere.” Economic
Development and Cultural Change, vol. 33, no. 3, 1985, pp.
623–644., doi:10.1086/451482.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal, and the statistics look
accurate
This article is heavily based on statistics and regression models.
The authors tested several variables, including cost,
opportunities for education in home country, and immigration
benefits, to see which explained why there is such high demand
for US higher education in Eastern countries. They found that
rising costs of university in the US and more opportunities for
education back home meant that international student
enrollment was declining.
I’d like to focus on the author’s presentation of statistics about
the rapid increase in international student enrollment and their
justification for conducting this study–it’s a kind of general
information about how and why international students are
coming to the US
4. Bolsmann, Chris, and Henry Miller. “International Student
Recruitment to Universities in England: Discourse, Rationales
and Globalisation.” Globalisation, Societies and Education, vol.
6, no. 1, 2008, pp. 75–88., doi:10.1080/14767720701855634.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal, and the methods seem
reliable
The authors interviewed employees at four universities in
England to see how they talk about international student
recruitment, including their reasons and the rhetoric they use.
They found that participants often talked about economic
competition.

5. This article is kind of a transition between talking about
international student enrollment generally and looking at how
people talk about international students.
5. Cudmore, Geoffrey. "Globalization, Internationalization, and
the Recruitment of International Students in Higher Education,
and in The Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts And Technology."
Canadian Journal of Higher Education, vol. 35, no. 1, 2005, pp.
37-60.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal
Even though this article is specifically focused on this Canadian
context, the author provides a really helpful general overview of
how and why universities recruit international students. I think
this could easily be applied to the US context, and in fact, the
author includes multiple citations referring to the US.
This article will be used as a general overview of how and why
students come to North American universities
6. Mazzarol, Tim, and Geoffrey N. Soutar. “‘Push‐Pull’ Factors
Influencing International Student Destination Choice.”
International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 16, no.
2, 2002, pp. 82–90., doi:10.1108/09513540210418403.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal
The authors studied the motivations that led students to study
overseas, including factors that “push” them away from their
home countries and factors that “pull” them toward specific
destinations. They found that a university’s reputation is one of
its largest draws in terms of attracting potential international
students. On a larger scale, the country’s reputation is also
important; for example, many students wanted to come to the
US because they were, thanks to US media influences, more
familiar with the culture, but some students’ parents thought the
US was a bad influence.
This article should help me show some of the reasons why

6. international students choose to come to the US.
MARKETING HIGHER EDUCATION
7. Kinnell, Margaret. “International Marketing in UK Higher
Education: Some Issues in Relation to Marketing Educational
Programmes to Overseas Students.” European Journal of
Marketing, vol. 23, no. 5, 1989, pp. 7–21.,
doi:10.1108/eum0000000000566.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal
The author specifically focuses on the UK, but she talks a lot
about other countries, including the US. She says there are so
many options for international students that universities have to
be very strategic in marketing to make sure they are
competitive.
This article is a kind of background in a way. It’s good
justification for how neoliberalism is affecting universities and
the way they behave toward international students
8. Mazzarol, Tim, et al. “Critical Success Factors in the
Marketing of an Educational Institution: A Comparison of
Institutional and Student Perspectives.” Journal of Marketing
for Higher Education, vol. 10, no. 2, 2001, pp. 39–57.,
doi:10.1300/j050v10n02_04.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal, and the statistics seem
reliable
The authors argue that universities started to focus on marketing
education in the 1980s. Even before that, education was no
longer seen as a public good but rather a marketable service.
They surveyed university administrators and students to
determine differences in perceived marketability of institutions.
They found that administrators and students focused on
different aspects of the university.
Again, this article will be kind of background to help establish

7. how neoliberalism has shifted the focus of higher education
institutions to business, and the way people talk about
international students is also affected
ANALYZING THE WAY SCHOLARS TALK ABOUT THINGS
9. Hill, Jane H. “‘Expert rhetorics’ in Advocacy for Endangered
Languages: Who is Listening, and What Do They Hear?."
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, vol. 12, no. 2, 2002, pp.
119-133., doi:10.1525/jlin.2002.12.2.119
Academic article (more theoretical based on the author’s
experience)
It was published in a scholarly journal, and the author is very
well known in her field
This article might seem like a strange choice, because it is
about endangered languages, which isn’t my topic. But, the
analysis is similar to what I’m interested in. The author looked
for dominant trends in how scholars were talking about
endangered languages. She found three major trends: universal
ownership, hyperbolic valorization, and enumeration. These
trends seem to correspond to the three tropes in Stein and
Oliveira De Andreotti’s article, which is directly related to my
topic.
This article can’t be used to show how international students are
portrayed, but it can show how scholars do tend to follow
certain trends in the way they discuss certain subjects–and
sometimes they actually hurt their cause in doing so
10. Stein, Sharon, and Vanessa Oliveira De Andreotti. “Cash,
Competition, or Charity: International Students and the Global
Imaginary.” Higher Education, vol. 72, no. 2, Dec. 2015, pp.
225–239., doi:10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8.
Academic article
It was published in a scholarly journal, and the analysis seems
thorough
The authors argue that the academic discourse surrounding

8. international students depicts them in very specific ways.
Dominant tropes about international students frame them as
cash, competition, and charity.
I think this article will be a centerpiece of my report. It helps
answer my specific research question more than some of the
other articles, and it provides a nice overview of how scholars
talk about international students in their writing
Idea Proposal
Secondary Research Report
It’s time to narrow your focus for the Secondary Research
Report! Answer the questions and complete the chart below.
Remember that once this proposal has been approved, you must
continue with this topic for the rest of the semester. You may
not change topics without talking to me in advance.
BACKGROUND
Why are you interested in this particular topic? What do you
hope to learn from your research?
I want know about the effects and consequences of
taking a gap year after high school or college. I want know the
relationship between a gap year and the performance of the
students. It would also be used to understand if gap years are
productive or not for the performance and confidence of all
students, and should the idea be promoted or not.
Have you written about this topic in the past, or are you
currently working with this same topic in another

9. context/course? If yes, explain. (Keep in mind that there can be
some overlap between this project and work from your other
courses, but you’ll need to get permission from all instructors
involved.)
I have written a research on this topic previously, but it was
only an analysis of the research from different source. I have
not used experimental and research methods to find data on this
topic on my own. The research was related to the pros and cons
of taking a gap year for the students, and all the data was
secondary.
TOPIC
Complete the chart below with your proposed topic for Project
1.
Topic
Issue
Research Question
Example: culture shock
effects of culture shock
How does international students’ level of adjustment to host
culture affect their academic performance?
Gap Year
Effects and consequences of a gap year
what is the relationship between a gap year and performance of
students?
After our first library visit, you should have a good idea of
whether you will find enough sources for your topic. Below, list
one academic research article and one non-scholarly source you
plan to use for Project 1 (provide a link if possible).
Academic Research Article
Non-Scholarly Source

10. O'Shea, Joseph. Gap year: How delaying college changes people
in ways the world needs. JHU Press, 2014.
https://youtu.be/G9MtVRJ67rw
List at least 3 keywords you have found most helpful in
identifying appropriate sources for your topic
Importance of a gap year
Advantages of a gap year
Disadvantages of a gap year
List 3 keywords you think will be helpful as you continue
researching.
Effect on students’ performance
Preparation of practical life
Increase in confidence
THINKING AHEAD
In Unit 2, you will continue working with your topic by
narrowing your focus to the PSU Abington campus and
conducting your own primary research. It will be helpful to start
thinking about this next stage as you narrow your topic for
Project 1. Unlike the previous section, your answers in this
section may change. This is brainstorming to make sure you
choose a manageable research question.
Which kind of research would help you answer your research
question? Highlight your response.
interview
survey
Observation

11. other [please explain]
How would this type of research be helpful for your
investigation?
We can see what happen when the unemployment rate change
and how is it impact in the social development
Interview would be the most optimum type of research. That is
because the target area of the research will be a specific
audience. The interviewees will only include students who have
taken a gap year, and questions can also be asked to students
who have not taken a gap year, as a control group. The other
types of research will not be giving a detailed information about
the topic as they will have specific answers and limits. An
interview will be able to give the perspective of the people and
how they think that gap years were either advantageous or not
for them. An interview will also be able to give the reaction of
people who are against gap years, so the research will not be
tipping towards one side. This type of research will be able to
give a better and more authentic conclusion.
Tell me more. Who would you interview or survey? Where/what
would you observe? What questions would you ask?
Who
When
Where
Questions
High school/ graduates who took a gap year
Lunch break or home time
The ground or cafés inside the institution
Why did you take a gap year?
Was it your decision or not?
What did you do during your gap year?
Has it been helpful?
Do you think, the gap year changed something about you?
How is your performance different from before?

12. Are you more prepared for your practical life now?
Would you recommend a gap year to others?
How do you think is your academic performance compared to
others who didn’t take a break?
What do college admissions officials think of gap years?
Was it hard to transition to college after a gap year?
High school/ graduates who didn’t take a gap year
Lunch break or home time
The ground or cafés inside the institution
What do you think about gap years?
Why didn’t you take a gap year?
Do you regret not taking one?
How do you think your performance would have changed if you
took it?
Do you find your performance or skills more or less polished
than the students who took a gap year?
If you had taken it, how would you have used your gap year?
Would you recommend others to take a gap year?
How would you parents or friends react if you decide to take a
gap year?
What do college admissions officials think of gap years?
This proposal will receive one of the following responses:
APPROVED
NEEDS REVISION
NOT APPROVED
If it is approved, you can continue as planned with your
research. If it receives one of the other two responses, you may
need to revise and resubmit your proposal before you can
continue with your research. Refer to the comments you receive
from me on Canvas.