2. +
AGENDA
Essay Review
Conclusions
Appositives
How and When to cite
Plagiarism
Quoting and Summarizing
Integrating Quotations
Writing the draft
Tips for writing your essay
AGENDA
3. +
Essay Review
An attempt to gain readers’ interest in the introduction could take as little as
two or three sentences or as many as four or five paragraphs.
The thesis statement and definition are usually quite brief—sometimes only
a sentence or two.
A topic illustration may occupy one or several paragraphs, and there can be
few or many topics, depending on how the information has been divided up.
NEW: Conclusion
A conclusion might summarize the information presented, give advice about
how to use or apply the information, or speculate about the future of the
concept.
5. +
Should I end with speculation, as Ngo does?
Members of developed societies in general practice
none of these forms of cannibalism, with the
occasional exception of survival cannibalism when
the only alternative is starvation. It is possible,
however, that our distant-past ancestors were
cannibals who through the eons turned away from
the practice. We are, after all, descended from the
same ancestors as the Miyanmin, the Alligator, and
the Leopard people, and survival cannibalism shows
that people are capable of eating human flesh when
they have no other choice.
6. + Should I frame the essay by relating the ending to the beginning,
as Toufexis does?
O.K., let’s cut out all this nonsense about romantic love. Let’s bring some
scientific precision to the party. Let’s put love under a microscope. When
rigorous people with Ph.D.s after their names do that, what they see is not
some silly, senseless thing. No, their probe reveals that love rests firmly on
the foundations of evolution, biology and chemistry. What seems on the
surface to be irrational, intoxicated behavior is in fact part of nature’s master
strategy—a vital force that has helped humans survive, thrive and multiply
through thousands of years. Says Michael Mills, a psychology professor at
Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles: “Love is our ancestors
whispering in our ears.”
O.K., that’s the scientific point of view. Satisfied? Probably not. To most
people—with or without Ph.D.s—love will always be more than the sum of its
natural parts. It’s a commingling of body and soul, reality and imagination,
poetry and phenylethylamine. In our deepest hearts, most of us harbor the
hope that love will never fully yield up its secrets, that it will always elude our
grasp.
7. +
Or do you have another idea?
Take this opportunity to draft your
conclusion.
9. + A Sentence Strategy: Appositives
SMG 177-79
As you draft an essay explaining a concept, you have a lot of
information to present, such as definitions of terms and
credentials of experts. Appositives provide an efficient, clear
way to integrate these kinds of information into your
sentences. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that, along with
modifiers, gives more information about another noun or
pronoun. Here is an example from Ngo’s concept essay (the
appositive is in italics and the noun it refers to is underlined):
Cannibalism, the act of human beings eating human
flesh(Sagan 2), has a long history and continues to hold
interest and create controversy. (Ngo paragraph 5)
10. +
By placing the definition in an appositive phrase right after
the word it defines, this sentence locates the definition
exactly where readers need it. Writers explaining concepts
rely on appositives because they serve many different
purposes needed in concept essays, as the following
examples demonstrate. (Again, the appositive is in italics
and the noun it refers to is underlined.)
Defining a New Term
Some researchers believe hyperthymics may be at
increased risk of depression or hypomania, a mild variant
of mania (Friedman, Paragraph 5).
Cannibalism can be broken down into two main
categories: exocannibalism, the eating of outsiders of
foreigners, and endocannibalism, the eating of members
of one’s own social group (Shipman 70). (Ngo paragraph,
6)
11. +
Each person carries in his or her mind a unique
subliminal guide to the ideal partner, a “love
map.” (Toufexis, paragraph 17)
Introducing a New Term
“Love is a natural high,” observes Anthony Walsh,
author of The Science of Love: Understanding
Love and Its Effects on Mind and Body.
(Toufexis, paragraph 10)
Giving Credentials of Experts
12. Identifying People and Things
When I was in high school I read the Robert Browning
Poem ‘My Last Duchess.’ In it, the narrator said he killed
is wife, the duchess, because . . .(Friedman, Paragraph
2).
Giving Examples or Specifics
Some 2,400 years ago, Hippocrates proposed that a
mixture of four basic humors—blood, phlegm, yellow
bile, and black bile—determined human
temperament…(Friedman, paragraph 6)
13. +
Try it!
Try writing several appositive
phrases.
Defining a term
Introducing a new term
Giving the credentials of experts
Identifying people and things
Giving examples or specifics
Use the examples as models.
15. + MLA format: on our website Under “MLA Guidelines”
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly
used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and
humanities.
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and
using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides
writers with a system for referencing their sources through
parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by
demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most
importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from
accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental
uncredited use of source material by other writers.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
16. Quoting and Summarizing:
Writers use sources by quoting directly and by summarizing.
Deciding Whether to Quote or Summarize
As a general rule, quote only in these situations:
(1) when the wording of the source is particularly memorable or vivid or
expresses a point so well that you cannot improve it.
(2) when the words of reliable and respected authorities would lend
support to your position.
(3) when you wish to cite an author whose opinions challenge or vary
greatly from those of other experts.
(4) when you are going to discuss the source’s choice of words.
• Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to
record as support for a point you are making.
17. + Short Quotations
To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose
or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within
double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page
citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and
include a complete reference on the Works Cited page.
Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons
should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and
exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if
they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical
citation if they are a part of your text.
18.
19. Basic In-text citations
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is
known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source
information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source
information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or
phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that
appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited
List.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/
20. +
Long Quotations
For quotations that extend to more than four lines of verse or
prose, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit
quotation marks:
Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote
indented 1/2 inch (5 spaces) from the left margin; maintain
double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an
additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs.
Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark. (Smith 142)
When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should
maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
21. +
Citing Two or More Paragraphs
When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the
paragraphs is less than four lines. Indent the first line of each quoted paragraph an extra
quarter inch.
In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues,
Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and
examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and
oral examination. . . .
From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the
conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge
and of professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more
fully an ever-widening number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass
society. (3)
22. +
Citing Summarized Material
In Randall Kennedy’s article “Racial Passing” in
the Ohio State Law Journal, he discusses such a
case in the journey of Ellen Craft, a black
woman who passed not only as white but as a
white man in order to smuggle her
husband north to avoid slavery (1).
Yes! You must
cite
summarized
material!
24. +
1” all around
Go to “Layout” and adjust margins or use
custom settings
Times New Roman 12
Indent body paragraphs ½ inch from the
margin
Double Click in Header Area
Type your last name
Justify right
Go to “insert” and click on “page number”
Margins and Formatting Header: Last Name 1
25. +
Your Name
Dr. Kim Palmore
EWRT 1A
14 February 2019
Original Title (not the title of
the novel we read)
No italics, bold, underline, or
quotation marks
Centered on the page
No extra spaces (just double
spaced after your heading
and before the body of your
text)
Heading: Double Spaced Title
26. +
Tips for writing your essay
Begin with a long anecdote to draw the reader into your
essay.
Write a thesis that includes all of the categories you will
discuss.
Use examples and definitions to make your point.
Use appositives to describe nouns and eliminate
wordiness.
Introduce and cite your in-text quotations.
Enter your sources on your Works Cited list.
27. +
Homework
Read HP POA Chapter 17 to the
end!
HW Discussion #23: Post a list of
five appositive phrases you have
included in your essay.
HW Discussion #24: Your
Conclusion
Quiz: HP POA final quiz
