This document provides an introduction to the Harvard referencing style. It discusses the key components of Harvard referencing, including in-text citations and reference lists. It explains that there are two parts to referencing - in-text citations within the body of the text and a reference list at the end. It outlines the different types of sources that can be referenced such as books, journal articles, and websites. It provides examples of how to reference these sources in both the in-text citations and the reference list. Key aspects of the Harvard style like using author-date citations and formatting reference list entries are demonstrated.

1. Harvard Referencing
Introduction to Referencing
a) In-text citations
b) Reference List

2. What will you learn today?
• Different referencing styles used in the world (in-text vs number-note)
• In-text referencing
• How to reference different types of sources
• Common mistakes and errors in referencing

3. What is referencing?
A way of acknowledging source

4. You need to put references in TWO places
1. In your text, next to the information that you use. (This
is an in-text citation.)
2. At the end of your essay, this is a reference list.
In 2004 the average male Kazakh aged 18-24 ate 3.6 bananas a week
(Crowquill and Blotted, 2006).
Crowquill, V. H. and Blotter, Z. (2006) ‘Banana consumption behaviour in
Central Asia: a grounded theory model’, International Journal of Banana
Studies, 11(3), pp.124-167.

5. What referencing styles are most
popular?

6. Two main STYLES of referencing
1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS
In text reference e.g. Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that “it is
important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate”.
Full reference e.g.
Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. (1996) Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne.
Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that “it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate” [1].
Full reference:
Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to
Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996, p.112.

7. TYPES of Referencing
There are a few main types
of referencing: Harvard
(mostly used by Social
Sciences, Business,
Engineering and Science),
Oxford and Cambridge
(mostly used in Law
subjects and occasionally
referred to as 'footnoting')
and APA (American
Psychological Association
(Psychology and some
Health Science areas) –
but there are also others.
NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
•Oxford system
•Vancouver system
•Cambridge reference
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
•Harvard system
•APA system (American Psychological
Association system)
•MLA system (Modern Language
Association) Humanities

8. 1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
In text reference
Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note
that it is important to be flexible about
the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate.
Full reference
Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996,
Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing,
Macmillan Education Australia,
Melbourne.
Harvard system
In text reference
Davis and McKay (1996) note that it is
important to be flexible about the system
of referencing and adopt whichever style
is appropriate (p.112).
Full reference
Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. 1996,
Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing,
Melbourne: Macmillan Education
Australia.
APA system
In text reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the
system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (112).
Full reference Davis, Lloyd and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia,
MLA system

9. 2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS
OXFORD SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to
be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate [1].
Full reference Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996,
p.112.
VANCOUVER SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important
to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate1
.
Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to
Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996
CAMBRIDGE FOOTNOTING REFERENCE Numbered reference Davis and McKay
note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate1
.
Full reference (appears at the bottom of the page) 1. Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay.
Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Macmillan

10. Let’s talk about Harvard style….
IN-TEXT CITATIONS

11. Harvard Referencing
It is the most widely used
system in business disciplines
It is the standard in most UK
universities and all NCUK Centres
When you are taking notes, you should
record not only the main points of the
author’s work, but also your initial
critical evaluation of the material
(Davis & McKay, 1996).
In-text references for a
paraphrase* require:
1. Authors Surname (s)
2. A comma
3. Year of Publication
* PARAPHRASE is when you re-word the writers words (same
idea but different words)
No author? Use the name of the Institution eg: Oxford
University, Tianshui Normal University

12. Harvard Referencing -
Quoting
In-text citations can be divided
into:
•Direct citation
•Indirect citation
Direct citations require use of
reporting verbs such as:
•X Says
•X Argues
•X Claims
•According to X
Taking notes during university lectures is
crucial (Davis and Mckay, 1996)
There is strong evidence that “…note
taking is a key part of lectures”
(Davis & McKay, 1996, p. 6)
Davis and McKay (1996) explain that
taking notes during university lectures
is crucial.
If you “quote” you need
to add page number

13. Harvard Referencing -
Quoting
If the text you want to use is short,
you can copy it your essay. You
must use quotation marks….
“ ”
…and the page number
If the text is 4 lines or more, do
not use quotation marks. Instead
put it in its own paragraph
According to Crowquill and Blotter
(2006, p. 23), “in 2004 the average
male Kazakh aged 18-24 ate 3.6
bananas a week.”
According to Crowquill and Blotter (2006, p. 23):
The notorious banana bubble that emerged
in Uzbekistan in the late 1980s was the
direct result of Soviet interventionist policies
that failed to obey the laws of the f ree market.
This supports my view that markets are sacred….

14. Exercise 1 – Identify place where
citations should go.
According to the Environment Agency in 20 years time there will be 33
per cent more vehicles on our roads. There is conclusive evidence that
road transport has a major impact on the environment. Traffic is
responsible for 22 per cent of the UK's carbon dioxide output and emits
significant amounts of other air polluting gases such as carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxide
Although "fuel and vehicle developments have made a huge difference
to local air quality", measures to reduce traffic will also be required if
the Government is to achieve its targets on air quality. One such
measure is congestion charging which, according to a recent study has
been successful in reducing vehicle emissions in London.

15. Exercise – fill in the gaps
According to the Environment Agency ………, in 20 years time there will be 33 per cent more vehicles on our roads.
There is conclusive evidence that road transport has a major impact on the environment. Traffic is responsible for 22
per cent of the UK's carbon dioxide output (Foley and Fergusson …….. and emits significant amounts of other air
polluting gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide …………… 1999).
Cairns ………. p. 75) argues that although "fuel and vehicle developments have made a huge difference to local air
quality", measures to reduce traffic will also be required if the Government is to achieve its targets on air quality.
One such measure is congestion charging which, according to a recent study by …………………….. (2005), has
been successful in reducing vehicle emissions in London.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Beevers, S.D. and Carslaw, D.C. (2005) 'The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in
London', Atmospheric Environment, 39(1), pp.1-5.
Cairns, S. (2003) 'Getting somewhere: tackling traffic emissions', Town and Country Planning, 72(30), pp. 74-75.
Environment Agency (2003) Reducing the environmental impacts of road and air transport: position
statement. Available at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/position/41181.aspx (Accessed: 7
September 2009).
Foley, J. and Fergusson, M. (2003) Putting the brakes on climate change: a policy report on road transport and
climate change. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ippr.org.uk/ecomm/files/PuttingtheBrakeson.pdf (Accessed: 21
July 2005).
Schwela, D. and Zali, O. (1999) Urban traffic pollution. London: Spon.

16. Let’s talk about Harvard style….
REFERENCE LIST

17. What does final reference list look
like?
• Adam, A. R. (2014). Plagiarism detection algorithm using natural language processing based on grammar analyzing. Journal of Theoretical
& Applied Information Technology, 63(1).
• Asim, M., et al (2011), “Overview and Comparison of Plagiarism detection tools”, Ostrava
• Association of Teachers and Lecturers. (2008). School work plagued by plagiarism - ATL survey. Technical report, Association of Teachers
and Lecturers, London, UK.Available at: www.atl.org.uk/Images/ FrontlineSpring08.pdf.
• Amsberry, D. (2009). Deconstructing plagiarism: international students and textual borrowing practices. The Reference Librarian, 51(1), 31-
44.
• Ask, S., (2007). Vagar till et akademisk skriftsprak, Doctoral thesis. Vaxjo Uniersity, Vaxjo, Sweden
• Ballard, B., & Clanchy, J. (1984). Study abroad: A manual for Asian students. Kuala Lumpur: Longman
• Barks, D., & Watts, P. (2001). Textual borrowing strategies for graduate-level ESL writers. Linking literacies: Perspectives on L2 reading-
writing connections, 246-267.
• Basharina, O. K. (2007). An activity theory perspective on student-reported contradictions in international telecollaboration. Language
Learning & Technology, 11(2), 82-103.
• Bhatia, Aban T (1974). An error analysis of students’ compositions.IRAL. Vol. 12/4
• Bloch, J., (2012). Plagiarism, intellectual property and the teaching of L2 writing. Bristol, UK: Multilingual
• Borg, E. (2009). Local plagiarisms. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 34.4, 415–426.
• Cadman, K. (1997). Thesis writing for international students: A question of identity? English for Specific Purposes 16.1, 3–14.
• Chandrasoma, R., Thompson, C., & Pennycook, A. (2004). Beyond plagiarism: Transgressive and nontransgressive intertextuality. Journal
of Language, Identity, and Education, 3(3), 171-193.
• Chuo, T. W. I. (2007). The effects of the WebQuest writing instruction program on EFL learners’ writing performance, writing
apprehension, and perception. TESL-EJ, 11(3), 1-27.
• Comas-Forgas, R., & Sureda-Negre, J. (2010). Academic plagiarism: explanatory factors from students’ perspective. Journal of Academic
Ethics,8(3), 217-232
• Cotterall, S. (2003). Learner independence: reflecting on experience Keynote Address. In Proceedings of the Independent Learning
Conference. Pp. 1-6

18. Book
Journal Article

19. Author Year Title of
Article/
Chapter
Title of
Publicat
ion
Issue
informat
ion
Place of
Publicat
ion
Publishe
r
Edition Page
Number
URL Date
Accessed
Book
√ √ √ √ √ √
Chapter
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Journal
√ √ √ √ √ √
Online
Journal
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Internet
Site
√ √ √ √ √
Newspa
per
Article √ √
√
√ √ √
Final Reference Checklist

20. Understanding references
Journal articles
Creese, A. (2002) Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS
interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the
evidence. The Lancet, 3(3), pp. 1635-1642.

21. Understanding references
Books
Hahn, R. (1999) Anthropology in Public
Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

22. Understanding references
Book chapters
Manning, N. (1998) ‘Social needs, social
problems and social welfare’, in Alcock P.,
Erskine, A. and May, M. (eds.) The
student’s companion to social policy.
Oxford, Blackwell: pp. 31-36.

23. Understanding references
Reports
Statistics for Wales (2008). Health statistics
Wales 2008. Welsh Assembly Government.

24. Let’s do some exercises now
Exercise 3

25. Write references for the sources
given to you by the teacher.

26. The Reference list
The sources you have used and referred to in-text are written on a
separate page that is headed References. Only the work you have cited
in-text is included in the reference list. Do not number the references.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically according to the author’s
surname or corporate name, or if there is no author, the title of the work.
If there are two or more references by the same author, then the
earliest publication should be listed first.
Book citations must include the authors name, date of publication,
title of the book in italics, the publisher and place of publication.
Information from journals, newspapers and audiovisual sources should
show: the author if given; the title of the article in single inverted
commas; the title of the journal, underlined or in italics; the volume
number; issue number if given, and the page number(s).

27. Put the following REFERENCE LIST in the correct
order Carol Nine-Curt, 1979, ‘Cultural differences in nonverbal
communication’, in D. Fassler & N. Lay, Encounter with a New
World, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York.
Robinson, G. 1985, Pergamon Publications (Aust), Sydney, Cross-cultural
Understanding
Clyne, M., ‘Modes of communication and culture’, Communication at
University, papers of the Second Annual Study Skills Conference, La
Trobe University, pp. 101-115, 1982 .
Bock, H. 1982, pp. 140-155 ‘University essays as cultural
battlegrounds: the problems of migrant students’, Communication at
University: Purpose, Process and Product, papers of the Second
Annual Study Skills Conference, La Trobe University,
Bock, H. & Harry Lewitt, 1984, ‘Head counting or skullduggery’, in
“Language and Learning at tertiary level”, the Fifth Annual Study
Skills conference, Deakin University, pp. 1-13.

28. Referencing Protocol The marker/reader wants to know
that:
In NCUK use the Harvard System of referencing. However,
the university you will go to may use different style.
Referencing Protocol
– You understood what you read;
– You have sought relevant materials, preferably
beyond the text;
– You have ‘read’* those materials;
– You can see how those materials
relate to other work.
*this includes scan-reading

29. How to Use the Work of
Others
•3 main approaches:
–Direct quotes
–Paraphrasing
–Summarising

30. Direct Quotes
•Important to build a
context around them.
Example: Travel is an excellent tool for
broadening the mind and gaining skills in
cross-cultural communication. “Travel helps
build character” (Lee, 2005 p. 7). It is
important to travel with an open mind and to
restrict yourself from judging based on your
home country.
•When the words are
taken exactly they
must be
acknowledged as a
direct quote.The quote is not linked to the rest of the text. Try
rewriting the text so the quote is SYNTHESISED
In fact, some psychologists feel that / prominent
psychologist, Terence Lee goes as far as saying……
Who?

31. Paraphrases - Plagiarism
•The content of the paraphrase should not be too
similar to the original text
When Central Asian wholesalers make a decision about adopting a new
variety of banana, their criteria are similar to those of fruit buyers in
western countries.
ORIGINAL TEXT
PARAPHRASE - TOO SIMILAR!

32. Paraphrases - Synonyms
•PARAPHRASING: SYNONYMS
•First, find synonyms for some of the words.
•Central Asian wholesalers →
•make a decision →
•about adopting →
•variety →
•criteria →
•are similar to →
•fruit buyers →
•in western countries →
traders in Central Asia
decide
whether to take
kind
standards
resemble
their counterparts
western
NEW VERSION
When traders in Central Asia decide whether to take a
new kind of banana, their standards resemble those of
their Western counterparts

33. Paraphrases -
Structure
•The content of the paraphrase should not be too
similar to the original text
When traders in Central Asia decide whether to take a new
kind of banana, their standards resemble those of their
Western counterparts.
OLD STRUCTURE
NEW STRUCTURE

34. Summarising
•Summarising long passages
According to the literature, there are three distinct components of a
banana that affect its desirability as a consumer item. Above all, the
consumer's decision to purchase or not is determined by the banana's
physical appearance: its size, shape and coloration (Xiāngjiāo and Muz,
1997). Secondly, the price is crucial, as was convincingly demonstrated
by Platano and Ndizi (1998). Thirdly, an early groundbreaking study by
Pisang (1979) drew attention to the importance of the perceived status
of the banana as a consumer item and the effect of this on retail sales.
ORIGINAL TEXT
SUMMARY

35. Primary and Secondary Sources
•The source (article, book, etc.) that you are reading may refer to other
sources that you have not read.
For example, Crowquill and Blotter write:
Thirdly, an early ground-breaking study by Pisang (1979)
drew attention to the importance of the perceived status of the
banana as a consumer item and the effect of this on retail sales.
•Primary source: a book by Pisang, published in 1979. You have not
read this book.
•Secondary source: the article by Crowquill and Blotter, published in
2006, which you have read.

36. Direct Quotes: Short Quote
•Interpersonal perception is defined as
“how we see other people” (Lewis et al.
2000, p. 33).
et al. for more than 3 authors. Sometimes
this can be in italics. The message – be
consistent!!!
Year only. Page number is ONLY FOR
QUOTES – not for paraphrased
information.

37. When to Cite? General, common
knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to
be sure.
How accurate are these statement?
Everywhere?
Too general – Where? Who? Statistics?
Some places have flood problems
–Terrorism is everywhere.
–There is widespread acceptance of a global
water shortage.
–Most people smoke.

38. When to Cite?
Commonly known facts do not need a citation.
TASK 2: Look at the following statements. Which one
needs a citation?
a) The moon revolves
around the earth.
b) Sydney is on the east
coast of Australia.
c) Australia’s population
will double by 2010.
d) Food is necessary for
survival.