3. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Reproduction is the process of producing
young ones from their parents
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Single Parent is involved
Simple division of a plant
body into two or more
Parts or formation of
spores
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Two parents are involved
Fusion of male and female
gametes produce zygote
which develop into seed
VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
Cell, tissue or part of an organ
of a plant develops into a
new organism
4. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Formation of new plants from the cells of a single
parent
BUDDING
A small bulb-like cellular
out growth, called bud is
formed on parent cell
that develops into an
independent organism.
YEAST
BUDDING
A small bulb-like cellular
out growth, called bud is
formed on parent cell
that develops into an
independent organism.
YEAST
SPORE FORMATION
Parent plant produce
microscopic single or
multi -celled spherical
bodies which germinate
into new plants during
favourable condition.
Ferns, Mosses
SPORE FORMATION
Parent plant produce
microscopic single or
multi -celled spherical
bodies which germinate
into new plants during
favourable condition.
Ferns, Mosses
FRAGMENTATION
The adult organism breaks
up into two or more pieces
called fragments, which
grows to become a new
plant
Algae – Spirogyra, Fucus
FRAGMENTATION
The adult organism breaks
up into two or more pieces
called fragments, which
grows to become a new
plant
Algae – Spirogyra, Fucus
5. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
Plants vegetative parts such as root, stem and leaf is
used to produce new plants
NATURAL METHOD
Roots
Stems
(Rhizomes
Bulbs
Tubers
Corms)
Leaves
NATURAL METHOD
Roots
Stems
(Rhizomes
Bulbs
Tubers
Corms)
Leaves
ARTIFICIAL METHOD
Cutting
Grafting
Layering
Tissue culture
ARTIFICIAL METHOD
Cutting
Grafting
Layering
Tissue culture
7. STEMS
Most common for vegetative propagation
Different kinds
STEMS
Most common for vegetative propagation
Different kinds
Runners
Runners
Underground Stem
Underground Stem
Oxalis and grass
Oxalis and grass
Chrysanthemum and mint
Chrysanthemum and mint
Vallisneria
Vallisneria
Rhizomes
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Bulbs
Tubers
Tubers
Coms
Coms
8. Oxalis and grass
Oxalis and grass
Horizontal stems will produce new roots
at nodes and then shoot grow upwards
forming new plants at frequent intervals
Chrysanthemum and mint
Chrysanthemum and mint
Horizontal stems arise from the base of
the erect shoot come out to form new
aerial shoots and it become independent
plants
Vallisneria
Vallisneria
Arched stems which cross over small obstacles
develop small plantlets at their nodes
Runners
Runners
11. LEAVES
Leaves develop small buds called adventitious buds, on their
margin. This grow into new plant once get touch with soil
Bryophyllum
LEAVES
Leaves develop small buds called adventitious buds, on their
margin. This grow into new plant once get touch with soil
Bryophyllum
14. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Carried out by flowering plants
• Flowers are the reproductive organs of a plant
The sexual reproduction is the formation of new plants
through the fusion of male and female gametes
The sexual reproduction is the formation of new plants
through the fusion of male and female gametes
Complete or Bisexual Flowers
Contains both male and female
reproductive cells
Have all the four parts
-Sepals
-Petals
-Stamens
-Pistils
Complete or Bisexual Flowers
Contains both male and female
reproductive cells
Have all the four parts
-Sepals
-Petals
-Stamens
-Pistils
Incomplete or unisexual Flowers
Contains either male or female
reproductive cells
Have only three parts
-Sepals
-Petals
-Stamens or Pistils
Incomplete or unisexual Flowers
Contains either male or female
reproductive cells
Have only three parts
-Sepals
-Petals
-Stamens or Pistils
Example: Hibiscus, Citrus
Example: Hibiscus, Citrus
Example: papaya, corn
Example: papaya, corn
15.
16. STAMENS (Male Organ)
Bear Anthers – contain pollen
grains which produce male
cells/gametes
STAMENS (Male Organ)
Bear Anthers – contain pollen
grains which produce male
cells/gametes
PISTLE (Female Organ)
Composed of Stigma, style and
ovary.
The ovary produce female
cells/gametes
PISTLE (Female Organ)
Composed of Stigma, style and
ovary.
The ovary produce female
cells/gametes
17. Mature plant flowers
Mature plant flowers Pollination
Pollination Fertilization
Fertilization
Fruits
Fruits
Seeds
Seeds
New Plants
New Plants
18. POLLINATION
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the
stigma of a flower is known as pollination
• Is the first step in the process of seed formation
Two Types
Two Types
Cross-pollination
Pollen grains are transferred
from anther of one flower to
the stigma of another flower
of same kind (different plants)
Cross-pollination
Pollen grains are transferred
from anther of one flower to
the stigma of another flower
of same kind (different plants)
Self-pollination
Pollen grains are transferred
from anther to the stigma of
the same flower
Self-pollination
Pollen grains are transferred
from anther to the stigma of
the same flower
19.
20. AGENTS OF POLLINATION
1. Wind
Wind blows away pollen grains from the anthers of one
flower to the stigma of another flower
Features of flowers –
- Small.
- Not brightly coloured.
- Do not produce nectar.
Features of pollen grains –
- Very light
- Produced in large numbers
Examples: Pollination in wheat, rice and maize
21. 2. Water
Pollen grains are released into the water are carried out by
water current to other flowers.
Example: Aquatic plants such as sea grass and Vallisnaria
22. 3. Insects
Insects visit flowers for nectar – Some pollen grains stick to
the body parts of these insects – when these insects visit
another flower, the pollen grains fall on the stigma
Features of flowers –
- Sweet smell.
- Brightly coloured petals
for diurnal insects. Eg. Rose,
sun flower
- White/light green petals
for nocturnal insects. Eg. Jasmine
and Cacti
- Rich in nectar.
Features of pollen grains
- Sticky pollen grains
23. FERTILIZATION
After successful pollination the
stigma secrete nutrients
Pollen grains absorbs these and
start growing in the form of a
thin tube called pollen tube
until it reaches the ovule inside
ovary.
Then releases male gamete into
the ovule – fertilization takes
place – results in the formation
of zygote
The process of fusion of male and female gamete
is called fertilization
24. FRUIT AND SEED FORMATION
• After Fertilization ovary
enlarges to form the fruit
• The wall of the ovary become
the fruit wall
• The ovules become seeds – a
fruit may have one or more
seeds
• Petals, sepals and other parts
of the flower usually dry up
and fall off
25. The fruit is the seed-bearing part
or the ripened ovary of the
flowering plant
The fruit is the seed-bearing part
or the ripened ovary of the
flowering plant
The seed is the ripened ovule
which contains an embryo and is
a covered by a protective coat
The seed is the ripened ovule
which contains an embryo and is
a covered by a protective coat
The process by which the embryo
in the seed becomes active and
begins to grow into a new plant is
called germination
The process by which the embryo
in the seed becomes active and
begins to grow into a new plant is
called germination
26. SEED DISPERSAL
The process by which seeds or fruits are scattered is
called dispersal
Dispersal takes place by several mechanism
• Dispersal by Explosion:
Pea plants, castor and balsam
• Dispersal by Wind:
Dandelion, drumstick and maple
• Dispersal by Water: Coconut
• Dispersal by Animals:
Plants having fleshy fruits
