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6. Why plant has flowers?
❑When Plant produces flowers.
❑Flower last for few days
❑Part of the plant stays on the plant
❑This part give rise to fruit.
❑The seeds form inside the fruit.
❑The seeds give rise to new plant.
Flowers helps plant to reproduce to form new plant.
Hence it is called as Reproductive unit.

7. ANGIOSPERM
A flowering plants.
Plants that bear
plants.

8. SEED DISPERSAL
The process by which seeds are spread from one
place to the other by air, water, animals and birds is
called dispersal of seed or seed dispersal.

10. •By Air
•Silk cotton, drumstick, Dandelions, poppy fruit,
Chandelier, Maple seeds
•By Water
•Water Hyacinth, Coconut, Lily, Lotus ,
Mangrooves etc
•By Explosion
•Lady finger, Peas, Black gram
•By Birds
•Fruit plants
•By animals
•Grass
Seed Dispersal

11. Dandelions have parachute of hairs to help them float to the
air. Other seeds have thin papery wings to help them blow
away easily.
The fruits of chandelier plant dry out and break off. As the
wind blows them along, the seeds fall out.
The poppy fruit forms a pepper pot with holes in it. When the
wind blows ,the seeds blown away.
The seeds of the maple trees has wings that allow the wind to
lift and spin like a helicopter rotor blades.
Mangroves are trees that grow in salt water and their seeds
are called sea pencil float upright in the sea until they are
washed onto land.
Bean pods dry out and explode in hot weather.

12. PARTS OF FLOWER

13. SEPALS
Little green leaves that protect the flower bud
PETALS
Often brightly colored to attract insects to the flower
STAMENS
This is male part of the flower - Stamen- It consists of
anther and filament. These are pollen grains which are
found in the anther.
CARPEL
This is female part of the flower - Carpel which include
stigma, style and lower part ovary
Ovary consists of ovules.

14. POLLINATION
The transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma is called
as Pollination.

15. Pollination is of two types
(i) Self pollination
(ii) Cross pollination
SELF POLLINATION:
The transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of same flower is
called self pollination.
CROSS POLLINATION
The transfer of pollen grain from anther of a flower to the stigma of
another flower of same kind is called cross pollination
Z

16. Agent of pollination
Pollination by insects
Flowers pollinated by insect are usually colored, scented
petals. Some flowers also have nectar, sweet liquid where
insect visit to feed on the nectar. The insects covered in
pollen and carry the pollen grain .
Pollination by wind
Flowers pollinated by wind are not brightly colored and
do not have scent. Wind pollinated flowers make lot of
pollen. The pollen blows in the wind from the stamen of
other flower

17. Why Pollinations?
Plant reproduce by seeds. The pollen and eggs join
to make seeds in a plant in a process called
Fertilization. Pollination bring pollen from the male
stamens to the female carpel.
This allow the egg to be fertilized and seeds to
form. Fertilization happen in the flowers ovary.
Fertilization happens if the pollen and egg are from
same kind of flower. After egg fertilized, the petals and
sepals die. The ovary grow and become fruits. Seed
inside the fruit.

20. SPORE-BEARING PLANTS
A plant that reproduces by
bearing spores; also known
as sporophyte.

21. 1. FERNS
A flowerless plant that
has feathery or leafy
fronds. Ferns have a
vascular system for
the transport of water
and nutrients.

22. Vascular plants

25. The stem of
sporophyte ferns. It
grows horizontally
under the surface of
the ground.
Rhizomes

26. Rhizoids are
rootlike structures
that’s absorbs
water and minerals
salts from the soil.

27. Fiddleheads
Young unrolling
leaves, develop
from the stem.

28. Fronds
Mature leaves
that contain
sporangia, which
are found on the
underside.

29. Sporangia
Are the parts
that produce the
spores.

30. Spores
Are pollen-like
structures of the
nonflowering plants
that grow into
gametophyte.

31. sorus or sori
Clusters of
sporangia form
brown spots.

34. Alternation of Generations
This cycle is characterized by
alternating sporophyte, which involves
spore formation, and gametophyte
generation, which produces gametes.

35. Gametophyte
Is a tiny plant
that grow low on
the ground and
protect both
sperm and egg
cells.

36. Prothallus
A small heart
shape structure of
gametophyte.
Which forms the
organs that
produce gametes.

37. Archegonium
The female
organ which
forms the
egg cells.

38. Antheridium
the male organ
which holds the
sperm cells.

40. Meiosis
 is a type of cell division that
reduces the number of
chromosomes in the parent
cell by half and produces four
gamete cells. This process is
required to produce egg and
sperm cells for sexual
reproduction.

41. Fertilization
 the action or process of
fertilizing an egg, female
animal, or plant, involving
the fusion of male and
female gametes to form a
zygote.

42. 1. Spores are released.
2. Spores germinate into gametophyte.
3. Gametophyte grows both male and
female sex organs.

43. spore bearing plants
ferns rhizomes Rhizoids
fiddleheads fronds sporangia
Sporessorus gametophyte
Prothallus Archegonium
antheridium zygote
sporophyte

44. 4. Sperm cell swims and
reaches the egg cell.
5. Fertilized egg grows into
sporophyte.

45. Sporophyte
It is the diploid form of plants that
have alternation of generations. It
develops from a zygote and
produces asexual spores.

47. 2. MOSSES
Are small, soft plants that
are classified as bryophytes
or nonvascular plants.

48. 2. MOSSES
Do not have true roots,
stems, and leaves. They
do not produce seeds.

52. Mitosis – a type of cell division
that results in two daughter cells
each having the same number
and kind of chromosomes as the
parent nucleus, typical of ordinary
tissue growth.

55. 1. A green moss
gametophyte produces
archegonia and antheridia.

57. 2. In the presence of water, the
sperm cell from antheridia swim
to the archegonia where
fertilization occurs. Zygote is
formed.

59. 3.The zygote grows into
sporophyte that consist of
a capsule that develops
spores.

61. 4. When the spores
matures, the capsules
open and the winds
carried them away.

63. 5. A spores begins to grow
when it reaches a moist place.
It divides and grows again into
a new gametophyte and the
cycle continues.

65. USES OF MOSS
1. Protects the roots of
other plants and prevent
soil erosion caused by
rushing waters on rainy
days.

66. 2. Serves also as
ornamental plants the
beautify the garden.

67. 3. Sources of oxygen.
4. When dry they can
also be used as fuel.

68. 5. Used in packing live plants
for shipment because mosses
can hold water longer. Soil
holds more water when mixed
with mosses too.

70. CONE-BEARING
PLANTS
A plant that reproduces by
bearing cone; also known as
conifer.

71. or conifers.
vascular plants bear their seeds
in cones.
Ex: pine trees (most common conifers)

72. Characteristics Of Conifers
grow tall and with needles or needle-shaped
leaves
popular ornamentals in parks and other public
places as well as in private homes and gardens
most abundant in cool temperate regions
Ex: pine trees, firs, spruces, ginkgoes, junipers,
yews, cypresses, and cedars

73. - have bundles
of two or five leaves or
needles
– have stiff
sharp needles

74. – have small needles
– have flat
feather-like leaves

75. – have flexible
and flattened leaves
and – look
like scales, but the latter are
flat and triangular

76. – leaves are
fan-shaped.

77. CONIFERS
Belong to the group of
vascular seed plants called
gymnosperms.

78. a group of vascular seed plants
a species of seed plants that do not commonly
produce flowers or fruits.
The seed of gymnosperms is called “naked seeds”
because they are not surrounded by fruit tissues.
The seed of conifers are inside the cones with
berrylike covering structure, except for ginkgo and
yew, which are gymnosperms that bear flowers and
fruits.

79. Naked seeds
Is what you called the Gymnosperm
seeds because they are not
surrounded by fruit tissues. Except
for ginkgo and yew that bear flowers
and fruits.

80. PINES YEWS

81. TWO TYPES OF CONES
POLLEN CONE – pollen
or tiny capsules contain
the sperm cells, male
gametophyte
SEED CONE – contain
seeds, female
gametophyte

82. Seed is formed sexually.
When the wind blows, pollen grains fall to the seed cones.
The sperm unites with the egg, and fertilization takes place.
For 2 or more years, the cones grow larger and the scales
close tightly to protect the seeds.
When the seeds are fully developed, the scales open slightly
and the seeds fall to the ground.
If the seeds fall on good soil, they germinate to grow into a
new plant called sapling or young conifer.
One tree may fertilize its own seed cone or the pollen may
drift to fertilize the female cones on another tree nearby.

83. Conifers around the world
Pines and other conifers grow best on sloping, well-drained soil
where the annual rainfall is at least 750 mm.
The average temperature varies from 6 to 20 degrees Celsius.
In the Philippines, pine trees are found in Central Cordilleras and
Zambales mountains. Tourists also enjoy resting or strolling under
the tall pine trees in Baguio City during the summer months/
Pine trees can also be found in Southern Europe, Africa, Cyprus,
Canada, and the United States.
Firs found in North and Central America, Europe, and Asia.
Cedars are native plants in Lebanon, Morocco, Canada and US.
Oldest spruce tree found in Sweden.

84. Uses of conifers
Sources of timber
Used in making cabinets and
other pieces of furniture
Sources of wood that are used
in making posts and in
constructing houses and
buildings
Good source of pulp for
manufacturing paper and
cellulose fibers, such as rayon,
that are used in making textile.
Provide products like oil and
resin, which are used chiefly in
varnishes
Ginkgo and spruce produce
edible seeds and flavorings.
Ginkgo nuts are eaten in Central
Asia. The tips of spruces can be
used to make beer and boiled
into tea.
Produce medicinal and skin care
products

85. Uses of conifers
Conifers oil help clear
breathing congestion, also
used as cleanser, toner, and
moisturizer to prevent skin
dryness
Ginkgo leaves are used as
tea to enhance memory
Spruces are natural source of
vitamin C
Used as decorative
ornamental plants in gardens
and parks
Some people grow conifers
commercially to make
Christmas trees.

87. FIR

89. SPRUCE

91. GINKGO

93. JUNIPER

95. YEW

97. CYPRESS

99. CEDAR

101. GYMNOSPERM
A species of seed plants that
do not commonly produce
flowers or fruits.

102. TWO TYPES
OF CONES

103. 1. POLLEN CONE
Whose pollen or tiny
capsules contain the
sperm cell.(the male
gametophyte)

105. 2. SEED CONE
Which contains
seed. (the female
gametophyte)

108. SAPLING
Young conifer.

109. VEGETATIVE PLANT
PROPAGATION

110. PLANT PROPAGATION
Is a method of increasing
the number of plants of
the same kind while
retaining their desirable
characteristics.

111. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
A form of asexual
reproduction of
plants.

112. NATURAL
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

113. PLANTS GROW
FROM STEMS
Ex. Runners, tubers,
bulbs, corms, and
rhizomes.

114. 1. RUNNERS or STOLONS
Stems that grow
horizontally along
the surface of the
soil.

115. strawberry

116. hydrilla

117. Bermuda grass

118. 2. TUBERS
Is an enlarged
underground stem.

119. cassava

120. potatoes

121. dahlia

123. 3. BULBS
Consist of short
underground
stems.

124. Apical bud
Located at the
center of bulb which
grows upward at the
peak and produce
leaves and flowers.

125. Lateral bud
Grows at the sides
and produces new
shoots or young
outgrowths.

126. onion bulb

127. tulips

129. garlic

131. lily

132. 4. CORMS
Or bulbo-tubers are
short swollen
underground plant
stems that serve as
storage organs.

133. taro

134. Purple yam

135. Gladiolus

136. 5. RHIZOMES
Is a thickened stem or
branch of a plant that
grows horizontally
underground.
Also called as creeping
rootstalks.

137. ginger

138. asparagus

139. Cogon grass

140. Lawn grasses

141. PLANTS GROW
FROM LEAVES
The plant’s leaf
cutting or crown.

142. 1. LEAF CUTTINGS
Cutting the
leaves into
sections, each
with a main vein.

143. AFRICAN VIOLET

144. GLOXINIAS

145. BEGONIAS

146. KATAKATAKA

147. 2. CROWN
The upper leafy
part of a
pineapple plant.

149. PLANTS GROW
FROM ROOTS

150. 1. ROOT TUBERS AND
CUTTINGS
The upper portion
of the root is cut
flat and planted
into the soil.

151. CARROTS

152. RADISHES

153. TURNIPS

154. WEEPING WILLOW

155. GLORY BOWER

156. LILAC

157. ANGEL’S TRUMPET

158. 2. SHOOTS
Or suckers are
underground parts of
the stem that come
out from the roots.

159. BANANA

160. BAMBOO

161. ARTIFICIAL
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

162. 1. cutting
is a process where
a stem , leaf or root
cutting is taken from
plant.

163. CUTTING

164. Fortune plant

165. santan

166. ROSE

167. SUGARCANE

168. CASSAVA

169. 2. LAYERING
A technique to grow new
plants by developing new
roots on a stem that is
still attached to the parent
plant.

170. TYPES OF
LAYERING

172. A. SIMPLE LAYERING
Is the process
where a flexible
branch of a plant
bends to the ground.

174. MAYANA

175. OREGANO

176. PEANUTS

177. STRAWBERRY

178. B. COMPOUND LAYERING
Is the process done
when the branch is bent,
covering two or more
parts of it with soil to
develop new roots.

180. C. AIR LAYERING
Is the process by
which a stem is slit
and enclosed with
moist moss.

182. APPLE

183. PEAR

184. ORANGE

185. MANGO

186. 3. GRAFTING
A twig from a
plant is joined to
another plant of
the same kind.

187. Grafting

188. scion
Is a good stem
from a chosen
variety that is cut
from the first plant.

189. stock
A branch of a plant
where the scion is
inserted into a slit
maid in the said
branch.

191. cambiums
Growing layers of
each stem

192. ROSE

193. MANGO

194. SANTOL

195. GUAVA

196. Pointers to review in Science
Spore bearing plants
Cone bearing plants
Vegetative
propagation