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The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire: A Concise Guide
- 1. RO MAGrade 8 Prepared by:
- 2. THE ROMAN EMPIRE While the lesson is ongoing or ended, the students should be able to: • participate in the discussion by asking and answering questions • explain the significant contributions of Rome in terms of law and governance, civil law and infrastructure • ponder on what makes the Roman empire an empire through essays
- 3. THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Physical Background • Roman Republic • Class Wars • The Roman Empire • Stagnation and Collapse • Significant Legacies • References
- 5. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Romulus and Remus Tale Etruscans: gladiatorial fights, toga and fasces 7 Kings Rule: 6th Servius Tallius -obligation with returns of rights -senate 7th Tarquin: -brutal and abusive -Rape of Lucretia
- 6. THE ROMAN REPUBLICFamily Institution • Pater familias: father with patria potestas • Family to Gens to Tribes • 12 and 14 Marriage Social Order • Patrician order • Plebeians order Gravitas “Strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness than elegance, and steadiness more than quickness of mind. Roman Army Organization (based on property) • 1st class: 100K asses • 5th Class: 11000 asses and with slings • Centuriate Assembly with the authority to elect consuls • Legions: 4000-6K foot soldiers POLITICAL INSTITUTION • Senate: 100-300: on war and peace, foreign alliance, colonies establishment, state finances etc. • 2 consuls; executive, fasces, veto
- 7. CLASS WARS Constitution gave power to powerful men -peasants on debts, land grabbing, judges favor, biggest shares For political power: Who defends Rome? First Mass Struggle: debt and drove away from lands=slaves Results: 2 tribunes, 12 Tablets, Law of Nations -Illusion of democracy 2nd Mass Struggle: no share in booty, debts increase, widespread of slavery 1/3 are slaves, Macedonian War (150K) on latifundia Gracchus Brothers Marius 6x consul -use the condition of the poor (free corn) -cancel debt, redistribute lands, recruit poor and landless in the army, standard pay, benefits to army Sulla: conservative general Spartacus: 70K, 6K crucified, 100K slaves died -only on land distribution and annulment of debt
- 8. THE ROMAN EMPIRE Greece, Italian peninsula, W Mediterranean sea, Asia Minor in the East, Gaul in the North, Northern Africa, Egypt control by Force Diplomacy • policy of accommodation • Citizenship Stability and strength supported paved to massive agriculture practice PUNIC WARS 1st: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica 2nd : Spain, W. Mediterranean 3rd: E. Macedonia, Pergamum RESULTS: urbanization and ploretriat, latifundia, slavery
- 9. THE ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus: as princeps in pretence of Senate Praetorian Guard: Patriotism Empreors of Pax Romana Julio Claudian Dynasty 1. Tiberius: provincial government and tax system 2. Caligula: 3. 3. Claudius: 4. NeroThe Great Fire 5. FLAVIAN DYNASTY
- 10. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFIRST TRIUMVIRATE Pompey, Julius Ceasar and Marcus Crassus. Pompey as consul, conquered Gaul and governor of Britannia Asia Minor of his Veni, Vidi, Vici. Dictator municipal districts reconstruction from civil wars Julian calendar anyone who plotted to be king could be killed without trial 2nd triumvirate or joint rule Mark Anthony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian
- 11. THE ROMAN EMPIRELucius Septimus Severus: grant benefits and privileges Diocletian: co-ruler with title Augustus and 2 generals with title as Caesars then divided the empire among them, 4 called tetrachy Constantine: reunite Rome Edict of Milan Byzantium/Istanbul Theodosius: made Christianity the empire’s official religion.
- 12. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFall of the Roman Empire Internal: no clear law of succession Economy: highly dependence on slave labor indifferent to technology Germanic tribe Personal glory East empire na kumukuha ng malaking tribute sa Sicily, N. Afrika at Egypt with it’s fertile Nile river. In the W empire, the end of tribute ended commerce or declined with threats outside and fragmentation mean warfare between them until loss of Syria and Egypt to the Persian then to Islamic armies.
- 13. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFall of the Roman Empire Internal: no clear law of succession Economy: highly dependence on slave labor indifferent to technology Germanic tribe Personal glory East empire na kumukuha ng malaking tribute sa Sicily, N. Afrika at Egypt with it’s fertile Nile river. In the W empire, the end of tribute ended commerce or declined with threats outside and fragmentation mean warfare between them until loss of Syria and Egypt to the Persian then to Islamic armies.
- 15. SIGNIFICANT LEGACIES Law: standard yes to all, proof on accuser, centralized law, rights of the accused this discouraged damage or injury to one’s reputation and accountability to accuser and accused or the dues process of law to inform what he’s accused of and rights as accused for fair trial, equality of people regardless of status and reason to defend self. Guilt beyond reasonable doubt determining guilt of accuse requires, no doubt of his innocence. Law based on Reason. Unified Rule Architecture. Public infrastructure like roads, government buildings, aqueducts, baths amphitheatre grandiose to symbolize power. The use of vault, round arch and dome. Keystone arch enable them to construct bridges strong to carry heavy lead and longer distances. Concrete from Egyptians improve strength by adding pozzolana volcanic sand. Sewage for waste and ability to bring fresh water caused influx in Rome with the aqueducts for fresh water. 1200 and 1300 public fountains, 11 large public baths, 867 smaller baths and 2 artificial lakes, 11 aqueducts for 38M gallons everyday and sewage. Literature. Horace highest enjoyment was possible through exercise of ratinal control, Why do we strive so hard in our brief lives for possessions? Virgil. Aeneid. Victory of founding of Rome.
- 16. Politics of terror: displaying military might, parades of victory, gladiator highlight strength and power. All about highlighting strength and power. Centralizing by Linking: Roads to center, quick response that need intervention on its provinces. Roads also lead to trade to boom. And postal system with communication Symbol of power. Massive construction to show power and wealth. Colosseum, Pantheon to bring back glory of Rome through worship, Circus Maximus. Gladiator, chariot races, re- enactments of battles won by Romans.
- 17. REFERENCES BLANDO, R. , MERCADO, M., CRUZ, A. et. Al. (2013). Kasaysayan ng Daigdig: Araling Panlipunan- Kagamitan ng Mag-aaral. 1st Edition. DepEd-IMCS: Pasig City, 1600. GUILLERMO, R. (2015). KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG NG MAMAMAYAN NG DAIGDIG. IBON Foundation Inc.: Quezon City.
Editor's Notes
- Italian peninsula at the heart of Mediterranean sea So this location would mean? Advantage to reach out the entire Mediterranean world and beyond Not rugged: so did not pose challenge on overcoming them especially in achieving? Unity Low lying coasts? No trade? Isolation in knowledge and culture, that is why they became rich in land not in water means Fertile soil to support? High population with abundant rain regularly Later traded with Phoenician and Greek which they adapted much cultures of the Greek especially in religion, architecture and the Latin language.
- Romolus and Romus: princess and Mars, uncle cast them who stole crown from lolo, grown by she wolf : city of she wolf Rome: less men so invite and stole their women and bread by bird EARLY SETTLERS Etruscans on Italian peninsula: gladiatorial fights, toga and fasces, the power of the king to execute and punish anyone. 7 KINGS RULE Servius Tallius: obligation (obey law, pay taxes, render military service) in return rights e.g. how the city is governed and assembly to govern the city call it Senate. Tarquin: brutal and abuso, Rape of Lucretia that spark revolution Rape of Lucretia: target now, karangalan.
- INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY Pater familias: father with patria potestas or absolute power over its members: death, sell to slavery, torture. As a father: protector, pari, priest, ruler. Families to gens or clans and clans to tribe. 12 and 14 marriage and arranged with divorce which is easy to obtain. SOCIAL ORDERS Patrician order owner of largest lands and at the beginning the only ones to have political rights and only allowed into senates for a long time. Plebeians: free with right to vote but not in senate or to be elected as consuls ULIRAN Gravitas: seryoso at matigas na pagkakakilanlan na layunin that embodies their kalakasan, disiplina, katapatan, praktikal na dinidiinan education of the patricians. Strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness than elegance, and steadiness more than quickness of mind. Nangangahulugang seryoso at stirktong pakiramdam sa tungkulin at kinapapalooban ng perpektong mamamayan ng Rome. ROMAN ARMY patricians afford weapons and armour with their wealth, all males are require to serve in the army. 1st class espada and armour. Centuriate Assembly with 5 classes of military: declare war and appoint consuls, vote and propose laws but need pagpapatibay of senate Legions: mabangis at tapat para sa Republika ng Rome EARLY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS Senate elect 2 consuls: mag-utos sa military. 10 years to be elected again opportunity for others and ambition SENATE: wisdom in crisis that held Rome in hard times
- Plebeians on rise as slave of debt, no representative, no written laws: not work, not join military and into pay debt if not given these rights. 2 tribunes: counter decision of consuls and veto, appealing case to senate 12 Tables: First written code of law in Roman Republic as basis of justice not dependent on patricians, not victim of hindi makatwirang paratang. Law of Nations: applied to Roman and Citizens and foreigners alike important, equality before the law then 367 BCE consul open to plebeians Debt from continuing contribution on war of service and tribute. 2nd Conquest of lands: Booty luxury consumption, debts increases conscription prevented them to cultivate their land to pay rents and taxes driving them away from them home. Captives as new laborers. Macedonian War, 150K prisoners are sold cheaply to farm the latifundia: blanket and food no meat compared to more expensive Roman citizen. displaced and no choice but to take temporary works. 1/3 adults, free population are not just of adults. Slaves made the rich richer but impoverished the peasants that they now cannot marry to have family if afford, they would abort the baby or abandoned to be sold as slaves. Tiberius Gracchus: tribune worried increasing poverty of mass peasants worried for the security of the republic or his own due to influx of slaves. -distribution of public lands -supported by mass, placards for senate to approve -betraying the constitution 10 Gaius and same faith. Marius: land distribution. Condition of the Poor: squeezing, no sewage, no access of water, seasonal labor in summer and starvation in winter, no choice take side bribes from senates on riots then later backed those ambitious elites with promise of free corn or grain. Marius: father of the roman Army: wage, as profession, now loyal to generals, fight for generals, collapse of Senate especially now for expansion to Gaul, Egypt and Britannia gave Sulla: conservative general part of senatorial party defends the existing order massacred opponents willing for change, these great military under control. Spartacus: 70K slaves planning to flee Italy but betrayed by pirates: 6K followers crucified. 100K slaves died in crushing the revolt. No program only on land distribution and annulment of debt. Why Spartacus did didn’t seize Rome? (no plan on how to devise reorganize Roman society and not want to end up running an old order)
- -control by force and diplomacy like policy of accommodation (local rulers continue rule on condition to extend military assistance when needed and not undermine Roman rule) thus make alliance to former enemies. Citizenship to gain loyalty and support in far areas where in they could trade but cannot join politics, citizenship of Roman means you live under Roman law and you can vote, hold public office and pay tax and serve army Stability and strength supported by Roman empire and with its high population to engage in agriculture then no time for industry or trade. How? PUNIC WARS: Italian peninsula now control challenge now Carthaginian Empire by Phoenicians that dominated Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia to Morocco, S. Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. Sicily which are becoming wealthy by commerce on powerful navy and army and with capitals protected by high walls so Romans have to prepare a powerful navy. 1 Punic War: have Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica 2 Punic War: Hannibal in Spain march inside Rome through Alps Mt. defeated Romans repeatedly but never captured Rome. Hoping subjects of Rome to revolt but remained loyal. Scipio Africanus or conqueror of Africa captured Carthaginian base in Spain and attack Carthage and then Hannibal has to defend Carthage so they fought in the battle of Zama, Tunisia: Spain. Defeat of Carthaginian Empire gave Rome control over Western Mediterranean and policy for expansion. Elephants died in Laps from ice 3rd Punic War: burned Carthage not to rise again, then turned East for Macedonia and Pergamum in Asia minor. Victory brought power and prestige and also destruction, dislocated and homeless as battle ground is Italy due to destruction of farms, Rise of latifundia or huge estates forced to sell lands out of desperation now despair people flock in cities for work now become the new poor ploretariat, despair and dicontented Ang mga taong na nakipaglaban sa mga labanan upang makamit ang tagumpay ng Rome at lahat ng teritoryong nakamtan nito, ay nawala ang mga lupain sa huli. Become wealthy from misfortune of others become corrupted the virtues are no more. Spread of slavery from war, making owners wealthier and aggravated conditions of proletariat, slaves are better deal coz its free, 1/3 are slave who are discontented. Carthage war possible from infantries conscripted or compulsory enrolled of farmer then later to citizens of the North grant in Italian cities which these peasants have no control in the army or no gain from victories, there is no sense of democracy. Empire is made by tax and rents (Berktay)
- Augustus Ceasar and the Pax Romana Learning from JC: legitimized by the senate: princeps or first citizen than king and not considered as one. Praetorian Guard: serve emperor with triple salary and bonuses in pretense the Republic, power was in sole hand of a ruler and by 27BCE he was proclaimed emperor ushered in the pax romana. Pax Romana: peace and prosperity, unchallenged and respected by bringing glory and honour of Rome in the past with encourage gravitas (hard work, discipline, simplicity, patriotism, salaries and bonuses and pensions and land after retirement to increase loyalty. For patriotism: construct temples and basilicas that gave importance to roman religion and pride. His one mistake: law for succession to check power struggle. Emperors of Pax Romana Julio-Claudian Dynasty Tiberius: adopted son of JC: he improved provincial government and tax system Caligula: insane, tyrannical and brutal who was assassinated by his own gusrds Claudius: conuest Britain but poisoned by 4th wife to make her son Nero the next emperor Nero: 16, good but then become paranoid murdering people even his mother. The Great Fire occurred where he put blame on Christians that justifies their persecution then he committed suicide. 3 Emperors Chosen by the Roman Army that lasted shortly this signifies strong power struggle after Nero’s death. Vespasian ended civil war and assumed self to be emperor then founded the flavian Dynasty. To institute reforms in the army to ensure loyalty. Titus: Colosseum Domitian: dictatorial, fear of treason lead him to execute many then later assassinated Five Good Emperors Nerva: appointed emperor by senate who instituted the adoptive system for succession: emperor chose his successor and adopt him as son to legitimize his claim to the throne after adoptive father’s death. Based from competence and integrity Trajan: Born in Spain, greatest size with conquest Mesopotamia and Dacia given the title Optimus Princeps or best of emperors. Hadrian: campaign for conquest is enough then needed to consolidate by establishing postal system that linked provinces to Rome and he travels in the empire to monitor activities, one of the things he did was having a defensive wall 117km in Britania to protect it from barbarians in the area. Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius: Syria and Danube attack, stoic philosopher but persecuted Christians and abandoned adoptive system by appointing his son Commodos: tyrannical and licentious who spend lavishly on gladiator, renaming Rome Colonia Commodia with many attempts on his life until he was strangled to death
- FIRST TRIUMVIRATE Pompey, Julius Ceasar and Marcus Crassus. Pompey as consul, conquered Gaul and governor of Britannia Crassus death: Pompey and Senate alarmed by his popularity and commanded Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army but defied means he declare war because no commander is allowed to go out his soldiers without permission of Senate so Senate commanded Pompey to defend Rome but defeated and fled to Egypt killed by Ptolemiac servant go to Egypt kill the king and Cleopatra hurray! Passing the Rubicon, with oratorical skill or to be declared an enemy of the state. An ancient Roman law forbade any general from crossing the Rubicon River and entering Italy proper with a standing army. To do so was treason. This tiny stream would reveal Caesar's intentions and mark the point of no return. : passing with no return, not allowed in the senate militars Then Asia Minor of his Veni, Vidi, Vici. Original Latin. Wenee, Widee, Wikee, get to Africa to regroup with Pompey’s army and defeated Pompey’s son in Spain then went back in Rome and proclaimed dictator. Many senates now as he assigns his friends. And old officers and created municipal districts to easier manage or administration and reconstruction from civil wars of the city and the Julian calendar. land for pension of soldiers, restructure high percentage of debt Senate alarmed invoking ancient law of anyone who plotted to be king could be killed without trial. 44BCE stabbed more than 30 times. 2nd triumvirate or joint rule Mark Anthony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian: adopted son to avenge his death then divide empire among themselves. Later collapse and defeated Lepidu and MA fell inlove with Cleopatra formed alliance to defeat Octavian and loss cause them to suicide. She pretended to be dead so MA killed himself then later C centralizing power started by his father.
- Military Anarchy (state of disorder by absence of recognition of authority) End of Pax Romana by Seven Dynasty Lucius Septimus Severus: grant military with great benefits and privileges including farming their own lands and living in cities than in camps: whitted away their fighting force, after his death power struggle among the military which marked by short lived power of military anarchy that left Roman empire vulnerable that led to its downfall due to no order by constant power struggle. Diocletian: co-ruler with title Augustus and 2 generals with title as Ceasars then divided the empire among them, 4 called tetrachy Augustus Maximian in Italy and Africa Ceasars Constantius of Gaul, Spain, Britain Ceasar Galerius of the Danubian provinces Diocletian: Thrace, Egypt and Asia Later AM and C abdicated throne, then Constantius death made Constantine his son, who aspire to reunite Rome to the throne and defeated west enemies to control the West and also challenged the C Galerius then reunite Rome. Constantine the Great: in his rule he issue Edict of Milan: recognizes Christianity as religion in Roman Empire where he himself converted to it which protected it now to flourish further. Moved capital to Byzantium/Istanbul renamed Nova roma to Constantinople with great route linking West and East gave wealth to Constantinople. Theodosius: made Christianity the empire’s official religion. Then his death caused power struggles. His death divided empire in his 2 sons, W plunged with weak emperors and Germanic tribes attack, in410 Alaric a Goth attacked Rome while Eastern flourished for a thousand years more but the Roman empire was no more.
- FALL: Barbarians who speak barbarbar not civilized, pants to warm genitals The larger the territory the harder to manage Then his death caused power struggles. His death divided empire in his 2 sons, W plunged with weak emperors and Germanic tribes attack, in410 Alaric a Goth attacked Rome while Eastern flourished for a thousand years more but the Roman empire was no more. Fall of the Roman Empire Internal: clear law of succession which often emperors favour military through benefits which increased their loyalty but weakened the loyalty of common subjects which on some accounts those Germanic forces trying to conquer Rome they had welcomed. Economy: highly dependence on slave labor which then with lack of conquered reduced their numbers of production because birth rate declined among slaves but indifferent to technology which could mean they’ve depended much because of the availability of slaves which could still increase production that caused shortened production. And lack of man power, plagues to farm and military hen Germanic tribe attack no defence then security lacks also increased trade from East, no more income and importation of luxury goods. Personal glory no civil ideals so lose confidence in the state and also military succumb to money and power, fight for money and not for Rome because they are used for political gains indifferent to the fate of the empire with attacks looking for better life led to demise of Roman Empire. Waaning of interest in political institutions and decadence honor of wealth and power. Urbanizing due to decrease in population and trade. East protects Christianity and Greco-Roman cultures Blueprint for Imperial Rule Politics of terror: displaying military might, parades of victory, gladiator highlight strength and power. All about highlighting strength and power. Centralizing by Linking: Roads to center, quick response that need intervention on its provinces. Roads also lead to trade to boom. And postal system with communication Symbol of power. Massive construction to show power and wealth. Colosseum, Pantheon to bring back glory of Rome through worship, Circus Maximus. Gladiator, chariot races, re-enactments of battles won by Romans.
- Senate came to rely on military for defense after all the riots, civil wars, rebellion until such time where military came to dominate the senate that paved way to civil war over who will control Rome between generals. JC and Pompey, Brutus and Cassius vs MA and Octavian ten Octavian vs MA. Which Octavian later established monarchy giving protection to rich and a friend to poor by giving cheap at times free from a parcel tribute on conquered lands, this era the golden age with great influx of luxury goods such as silk, spices, gems, huge rent and expansion shared by senatorial class and provincial leaders living in grandiose. People resent emperors as tyrants nakuha sa libreng mais at speeches of promises. And people pay same tax as rich land owners. Condition of the poor in Golden age? Skin beat with scar some just apron and tattered shirt, brows branded, head half shaved, and irons on their feet they are ugly. “Their skin was striped all over with livid scourge-scars; their wealed backs were crusted rather than clothed with patchwork rags; some had no more covering than a bit of apron and every shirt was so tattered that the body was visible through the rents. Their brows were branded, their heads were half shaved, irons clanked on their feet, their faces were sallow and ugly.” Rich not account by the law by hiring thugs to throw the poor, harass, slaughter his cattle, stealing (Apuleius) a time of insecurity, injustice, torture, robbery and murder one manifestation are games in the Coliseum, gladiators butcher each other and prisoners fed to animals. Agriculture means of wealth and rent than innovation. So the slaves became expensive, as flow of slave dried. Breeding is costly then slavery declined resulted to no more surplus provided before by slaves in result they resort to peasants which by their conditions began to revolt. For instance the water mill was scarsely used due to as availability of human drawn mills. Rebellions because they are discontent, insecure, impoverish they began to abandon their lands because of no livelihood once they payed their taxes and rent. And high cost of military mercenary and strong military leaders would wnt to seize the land thus lead to mutinous legionaries civil war. Barbarians invaders were brided but as they become Romanized they came to seize power thus the Goth Alaric to Rome conquest, frank Clovis in Gaul, Ostrogoth Theodoric made himself emperor of Rome, Visigoths in Spain. Peasants have to pay tribute to the landowners for protection bullies. Ruralized but not capable anymore to hold the empire which sufficed by slavery.
- Aristocrats due to slavery discourage innovation when there is need to maintain political superstructure thus attacked by Germanic tribes. Old trade broken, towns decline a beset of ruralisation and old aristocrats forced to fend themselves creating new mode of production which will be discussed in the medieval era which you’ll tackle soon that created new kind of dependent new slaves or specifically the serfs or peasants.
- 3. Calendar: Months name: July is Augustus Julius, Juno, Mars, January: Janus, …Kalends first if every month 4. Architecture…state houses, neoclassicism, dome and then statue of freedom, supreme couart building, Jefferson Memorial like Pantheon 5. Religion: Greaako-Roman : spread of Christianity canal to mapigilan ang flooding Laws, practice of ruling that unite or union, powerful enjoyed and abuse wealth and luxury. W empire 600, E for 1600 Creating structures: Rulers construct public buildings and temples, stadiums and aqueducts, public baths and paved roads…legacy! Viaducts, amphitheater, sewage system, Theory of Civil Law: regularization of property and inheritance, Roman criminal law which is still arbitrary and oppressive
- Christianity became the religion of the poor which later adapted by the rich like Charlemagne