Situation Analysis is an analysis of factors in the context of a planned or present curriculum project that is made in order to assess their potential impact on the project. It is considered as a dimension of needs analysis, and can also be regarded as an aspect of evaluation." (Richards, 2001)

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S O C I E T Y

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P R O J E C T

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I N S T I T U T I O N

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T E A C H E R

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L E A R N E R

11. SITUATIONAL
ANALYSISJennifer M. Garcia
E.Ed 502
Philippine Normal University, Manila
Jack C. Richards
John Macalister
Paul Nation

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SITUATIONAL
ANALYSIS
“A systematic set of
procedures undertaken
for the purpose of
setting priorities and
making decisions.”
(Witkin and Altschuld,
1995)
Retrieved from http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/10098/Cronj%C3%A9_K_Chapter_3.pdf?sequence=4
“Entails an entire
overview of the fields
that will be covered in a
specific teaching
sequence.” (Kruger,
1980)
“A diagnosis of needs
wherein it undergo a
process of examining
factors that exist in society
where the curriculum is
going to be implemented.”
(Hilda Taba, 1962)
“The instructional
designer "should
consider the total make-
up of the learner in
his/her social contexts
and all its
implications". (Barnard
and Venter, 1996)
“An analysis of the
needs, demands
and conditions of
the learners in the
target group.”
(Stern, 1992)

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Situational Analysis
“An analysis of factors in the
context of a planned or
present curriculum project
that is made in order to
assess their potential impact
on the project.” (Richards,
2001)
“It is considered as a
dimension of needs
analysis, and can also
be regarded as an
aspect of evaluation.”
(Richards, 2001)

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Situational Analysis
Paul Nation,2010
John
Macalister,2010
“An important part of curriculum
design because at its most basic
level it ensures that the course will
be usable.”
“Also called as Environment
analysis (Richards, 2001) or
“constraints analysis”.

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Purpose
To identify what are the
FACTORS and what are their
potential effects might be
when planning a curriculum
change. (Bean, 1993)
To gather data by means of
established procedures and methods
designed for specific purposes
To set priorities and determines
criteria for solutions
To lead an action that will improve
programs, services
To sets criteria for determining how
best to allocate available money,
people, facilities and other resources
(Witkin & Altschuld, 1995:1 0)

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FACTORS

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Societal Factor
Countries differ greatly in terms of:
• The role of foreign languages in the community
• Their (foreign language) status in curriculum
• Expectations that members of the community
have for language teaching and learning.
The aim is to determine the impact of groups in
the community or society at large on the
program.

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policy makers in
government
educational and other
government officials
employers
the business
community
politicians
tertiary education
specialist
educational
organizations
parents
citizens
students

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Relevant questions
• What language teaching experience and tradition exists in the
community?
• What are the views of relevant professionals such as
academics and teacher trainers?
• What do professional organization such as teacher’s unions
think of the project?
• What are the views of parents and students?
• What are the views of employees and the business
community?
• What community resources are available to support the
innovation such as radio, television and the media?

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• A project refers to the
temporary activity, which is
undertaken to create a distinct
product or service, that has
certain objectives.
Project Factor

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• Project factors exist when the
curriculum is being produced.
• Curriculum is not created by a person
but by a team.
Project Factor
• Variables that have significant impact
on a projects are:
• Developer’s commitment
• Time
• Resources needed
• personnel

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Relevant questions
• Who constitutes the project group and how are they
selected?
• What are the management and other responsibilities of
the team?
• How are goals and procedures determined?
• Who reviews the progress of the project and the
performance of its members?
• What experience do members of the team have?
• How do members of the team regard each other?

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Institutional Factors
People learn first language
in their daily life, but foreign
language is typically learnt in
an institution such as school,
university or language
institution (language course).
“School (institution) is a
miniature of society” – Dewey
(Lie, 2004:15) and every
society has CULTURE.

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Relevant questions
• What leadership is available within the school to support
change and to help teachers cope with change?
• What are the school’s physical resources, including
classroom facilities, media and other technological
resources, and library resources?
• What is the role of textbooks and other instructional
materials?
• What is staff morale like among English teachers?

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Relevant questions
• What problems do teachers face and what is being done
about them?
• What administrative support is available within the
school and what is communication like between
teachers and the administration?
• What kind of reputation does the institution have for
delivering successful language programs?
• How committed is the institution to attaining excellence?

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Teacher Factor
Teachers are a key factor in the successful
implementation of curriculum changes. In any
institution.
Teachers may vary according to the following
dimensions:
• Language proficiency
• Teaching experience
• Skill and expertise
• Training and qualifications
• Morale and motivation
• Teaching style
• Beliefs and principles

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Relevant questions
• What kinds of teachers currently teach in the target
schools or institutions?
• What is their typical background, training, experience,
and motivation?
• How proficiency are they English?
• What kinds of beliefs do the teachers typically hold
concerning key issues in teaching?
• What teaching loads do teachers have and what
resources do they make use of?

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Relevant questions
• What are the typical teaching methods teachers use and
believe in?
• To what extent are teachers open to change?
• What opportunities do they have for retraining through
in- service or other kinds of opportunities?
• What benefits are the proposed new syllabus,
curriculum, or materials likely to offer teachers?

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Learners or students
achievements are indicators
whether the curriculum is
successful or not, because to the
students is the curriculum
implemented.
Learner
Factor
Based on the student’s success,
the curriculum is evaluated.

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Relevant factors to consider are:
• learner’s backgrounds
• expectations
• beliefs
• preferred learning styles
Learner
Factor

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Relevant questions
• What are the learner’s past language experiences?
• How motivated are the learners to learn English?
• What are the expectations for the program?
• Do the learners’ view on language teaching reflect any
cultural specific factors?
• Are they homogeneous or heterogeneous group?
• What type of learning approach do they favor?

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Relevant questions
• What type of content do they prefer?
• What expectations do they have for the roles of
teachers, learners, and instructional materials?
• What learning resources will they typically have access
to?

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Adoption Factors
Adoption factors are factors
which exist when the
curriculum is adopted by
teachers.
When the curriculum is offered to
the teachers, by considering the
changes in the curriculum, some
teachers may be ready to accept
the changes while others might
resist it.

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Relevant questions
• What are the advantages of curriculum change?
• How compatible is the change?
• Is the innovation very complicated and difficult to
understand?
• Has it been used and tested out in some school before
all school are expected use it?
• Have the benefits of the innovation been clearly
communicated to teachers and institutions?
• How clear and practical is it ?

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Procedure
consultation
study analysis
observation
survey
review
Target goal achieved!

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TOOL
S

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SWOT Analysis
The factors have
POSITIVE IMPACT
to the curriculum
STRENGTH
The factors have
NEGATIVE IMPACT
to the curriculum
WEAKNESS
The factors give
OPPORTUNITIES
for improvement
OPPORTUNIT
Y The factors should
be reduced
THREAT

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SWOT
Analysis

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Situation
Analysis
Profile

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Matrix for
Identifying factors
in curriculum
renewal process

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