The document discusses how the Spanish introduced various social, economic, political and cultural transformations in the Philippines through policies like reduccion, encomienda, and taxation systems. It also outlines the development of infrastructure, education system, and other Spanish colonial institutions that helped spread Catholicism and Hispanic culture in the country. However, it also notes that these changes negatively impacted the Filipino economy and led to abuses of the native population. Overall, the document provides an overview of the major transformations and institutions introduced during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.

2. Economical Institutions
Educational Transformation
Social Transformation
Cultural Transformation
Why is Philippines not Totally Hispanized?

3. 1565 – the year when the Spaniards settled
permanently in the Philippines
Reduccion – Spanish word for resettlement,
that imposed the missionaries and the
encomenderos to collect all the scattered
Filipinos together.

4. 1580 - the Franciscans proceeded to establish
pueblos, ordering the missionary to reside there,
where the church and convent would be
constructed.
The reduccion plan presented by Franciscan Fr.
Juan de Plasencia to the Synod of Manila (1582)
was approved unanimously by missionaries and
the Governor General of the Philippines.

5. The Motive of REDUCCION…
The reduccion, to the Spaniards, was, no
doubt, a “civilizing” device to make the Filipinos
law- abiding citizens of the Spanish crown, and,
in the long run, to make them ultimately “little
brown spaniards,” adopting Hispanic culture
and civilization.

6. The more courageous unbelievers among them
who rejected Spanish domination, went to the
hills and became remontados, cimarrones,
ladrones monteses, malhechores or tulisanes in
the eyes of the Spaniards.
The Spanish friars enticed the unbaptized indios
by utilizing the novel sights, sounds, and even,
smell of Christian rites and rituals.

7. Upon baptism, Filipinos were given Christian
names usually derived from the feast day of the
saint when he was born or baptized, which
facilitated identification and recording of
population for tax collecting purposes.
WHAT IF THE PHILIPPINES NEVER BECAME
UNDER THE RULE OF SPAIN?

8. CHANGES IN THE PRE-COLONIAL BARANGAYS
External Changes
- construction of colonial churches and convents
- building of private homes
- Spanish trade which brought in new cultural
elements from the Americans and the Pacific,
alongside with acountless inventory of new
ethnobotanic specimens as com, camote, cassava,
tobacco and numerous exotic fruits, vegetables, and
medicinal herbs

9. CHANGES IN THE PRE-COLONIAL BARANGAYS
Internal Changes
- integration of Spanish customs and values
- Christianity
- Castilian language

11. Income generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines consists of:
• Direct Tax - can be personal tribute and income tax
• Indirect Tax - custom duties and the bandala
• Monopolies - rentas escantandas of special crops and items such as spirituous
liquors, betel nuts, tabacco explosives, and opium.

12. The buwis (tribute) may be paid partially or wholly with:
CASH KINDS

13. In 1570 the tribute was fixed at 8 reales (1 reales = 12 ½ centavos)
or in kind of gold, blanket, cotton, rice, bells. And raised to 15 reales
until the end of Spanish period (19th century):
• Tribute of 10 reales
• Diezmos prediales (tithes) for 1 real
• Town community chest for 1 real
• Sanctorum tax for church support for 3 reales

14. Special Privileges of Tax Exemptions:
• Descendants of the Filipino chiefly class who served in the pacification campaigns,
namely, Carlos Lakandula of Manila, Pedro Mojica of Cavite, and Rajah Tupas of
Cebu.
• Laborers of the arsenal and artillery yard of Cavite
• The mediquillos
• Vaccinators
• College and university student of University of Santo Tomas, San Juan de Letran,
San Jose and San Carlos.

15. Bandala - from the tagalog word maridala, which assumed the meaning of the annual
enforced sales or requisitioning of goods.
Pampanga provided an annual bandala of 24,000 fanegas of rice during Gov. Sebastian Hurtado
de Corcueras time (1635-1644) causing the Kapampangan refusal to plant rice.
Later, the bandala was abolished in the provinces of Tondo, Bulacan, Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas,
Tayabas, and Cavite in November 1782.
By 1884 the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal equivalent to
present residence tax. Whether Filipino or foreign, over 18 yrs. of age was
required to pay the cedula personal.

16. - a system of forced labour which evolved within the framework of the encomienda
system.
• 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age, were obligated to give
personal services to community project.
• Work should be public services such as construction of infrastructure
One could be exempted by paying the falla daily at 2 real during the 40 day
period.
1884 - the forced labour was reduced to 15 days.

17. Negative effects of Polo to the Filipinos:
• The upsetting of the village economy
• Forced separation from the family
• Decimation of the male population as they were compelled at
times to escape to the mountains

18. Encomineda comes from the word encomendor meaning to “entrust”.
Another revenue-getting that Hispanic institution introduced in the
Philippines. It was a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniard
to exercise control over a specific place including its habitants.

19. Encomenderos’ Duties, as required by the law:
• To keep peace and order
• To give protection to the natives
• To assist the missionaries to teach Christian gospel to the
natives
• To promote education

20. Encomenderos’ Duties, as required by the law:
• To keep peace and order
• To give protection to the natives
• To assist the missionaries to teach Christian gospel to the
natives
• To promote education

21. Unfortunately, many Spanish Encomenderos committed abuses:
• Brutal treatment of the Filipinos
• Collecting more tribute than that authorized by law
• Forcing the people to work for them
• Seizure of the people’s animals and crops without just
compensation

22. Three kinds of Encomiendas that existed in the Philippines:
• The Royal Encomiendas
• The Ecclesiastical Encomiendas
• Private Encomiendas

23. Some people who granted Encomienda:
• Pedro de Chaves who owned Pandacan, Sampaloc and Macabebe
• Juan Esguerra who owned Bataan
• Francisco Rodriguez who owned Batangas
At least Two (2) Filipinos from Pampanga were owners of the private
Encomienda:
• Francisco Liwag with 55 attributes
• Juan de Macapagal with 300 attributes

24. - known as Galleon de Manila or Nao de China, it runs in the huge stretch of the
Pacific Ocean for two hundred fifty years with two vessels making the journey yearly
— one outgoing, the other incoming — between Manila and Acapulco de Ju£rez,
reaching as far as Callao in Peru.
• The trip lasted approximately 200 days

25. • The galleon trade benefitted only a very small coterie of privileged Spaniards
• The few Spaniards who relied heavily on the trade became affluent, but when the
trade declined in the eighteenth century, an economic depression resulted which
arrested the normal population growth.
• Tempted by the lucrative trade Chinese immigrants converged at the Parian or
Alcaiceria of Manila in Binondo.
By 1687, a community of Christian Chinese and mestizos was already formally
based in Binondo. Retail and small credit business came under the control of
Chinese mestizos.

26. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF MANILA – ACAPULCO GALLEON TRADE
• Intercultural exchanges between the Philippines and the Americans.
• The Mango de Manila, tamarind, rice, and carabao became known by 1737 in Mexico.
• Brought innumerable and valuable flora and fauna into the Philippines: avocado,
guava, papaya, pineapple, horses and cattle.
• A considerable number of Nahuatl (Aztec) elements crept into the Philippine
languages, such as tiyangge (tianquiztli), kakaw (cacahuatl), tsokolate (xoco-atl),
kamatsili (quauhmochitl), sayote (chayotli), singkamas (xicama) and tocayo (tocaitl).
The Mexicans, on the other hand, borrowed the Filipino words tuba (coconut toddy),
hilanhilan (ilang-ilang), etc.

27. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MANILA – ACAPULCO GALLEON TRADE
• The neglect of native extractive industries like agriculture and arrest of population
growth of the Manila-Acapulco trade
• The only active Filipino involvement was in the construction of galleons — in the
cutting of massive and heavy Philippine hardwoods, hauling and transporting them
usually to the far-off shipyards of Cavite, Mindoro, Marinduque or Masbate.
• Galleon construction was not meant to conflict with the planting and harvesting
schedules but in practice, this was not the case. Thus, the growth of Philippine
agriculture was further retarded
• Forced labor that ignited the Sumoroy revolt (1649), Pampanga Revolt (1660).

28. Jose de Basco y Vargas – a frigate captain who for nine
years revamped the then existing antiquated economic in
the Philippines.
Following the royal order “to form a society of learned and competent persons
capable of producing useful ideas,” he formally organized the Real Sociedad
EconSmica de Amigos del Pats that composed of leading men in business,
industry and the professions.

29. • Basco introduced the Plan General Economico to make the colony truly
self-supporting in economy and entirely self-sufficient from the annual
Mexican subsidy, which included the income-generating monopolies of
tobacco, areca nut, spirituous liquors, and explosives, which, unfortunately,
brought untold hardships on the Filipinos.
• He gave incentives by awarding cash prizes and medals of recognition for
excellence in farming indigo, spices, cotton, cultivating mulberry for
silk production, bee-keeping, mining, inventions, the arts and sciences.

30. • Basco’s society was also credited with introducing the Carabao Ban in
1782 (to conserve this draft animal), the formation of silversmiths and gold
beaters' guild in 1783, and the construction of the first papermill in the
Philippines in 1825.
• The Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country died temporarily in
1787, was revived in 1819, and was suspended briefly in 1820 due to the
Asiatic cholera epidemic. It resumed its activities in 1822, gradually faded out
in 1875, revived again in 1882, until it ceased to exist by the middle of
the 1890s. (start of Philippine Revolution)

31. March 10, 1785 – Charles III created
the Compaña Real de Filipinas with
a 25-year charter
Modelled after the Royal Guipuzcoana de Caracas Company in South
America, with main purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce

32. IMPLICATIONS OF ROYAL PHILIPPINE COMPANY
• RPC was vehemently opposed by Dutch and English interests who saw it as a direct
attack on their trade in Asian goods
• It also met stiff opposition from the Spanish-Manila traders of the Consulado y
Comercio de Manila who saw it as a strong competitor of the Manila-Acapulco
trade.
• Later, the Manila-Acapulco trade deteriorated as the RPC reaped profits.
• After decade of existence, it gains 15 million from its initial stock of
8 thousand pesos

33. According to the Spaniards, the Royal Philippine Company helped the early
growth of agriculture, especially of Philippine-grown products like indigo,
sugar, coffee, spices, dyewood (sibucao), and textiles. Also they devoted
exclusive preference to cotton production and weaving, cultivation of black
pepper, besides the propagation of silk, indigo and sugar.

34. • Puente Colgante (now Quezon Bridge) - the first
suspension bridge in the Far East, designed by
Gustave Eiffel of the famous tower in Paris
• Tolls for Carriages – amount paid depending on the number of wheels
• Traffic became heavier through the years
• Calle Hormiga - a small alley in Binondo, describes the sluggish vehicular movement owing to
heavy traffic volume in Manila’s busiest commercial section

35. Modern ways of telecommunications developed in the 19th century:
• Ferrocarril de Manila - the only railway line in the archipelago
back then, and extended 120 miles long up to Dagupan (Pangasinan)
• Compahia de los Tranvias de Filipinas –
established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo
Zobel de Zangroniz and Adolfo Bayo
1888 - One Tranvia de Vapor (steam-powered) between Malabon and Binondo

36. • 1872 - The first telegraph lines between Manila and Corregidor.
• 1882 - Manila-Hongkong overseas telegram was laid via Cape Bolinao in
Pangasinan putting Manila telegram in touch with Europe and Asia
• 1890 - The telephone in Manila began functioning with its main office at
Intramuros and a branch at Calle San Jacinto (now T. Pinpin) in Binondo
• 1897 - the first interisland submarine cable linking Manila to Iloilo, Bacolod, and
Cebu, laid by the Eastern Extension Australia and China Telegraph Company

37. Araha, driven by one horse, and the
Victoria, by two, and the
ubiquitous Calesa and Carretela
Public Lighting System in Manila and suburbs using coconut oil, the
streets of Santa Cruz, Binondo, Quiapo, San Miguel and Sampaloc
where illumined by the mid 19th century.

39. “La Letra Con Sangre Entra” (“Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child”)

40. The earliest schools in the Philippines were established following
King Charles V’s decree of July 17, 1550
The Spanish missionaries in the Philippines used
children in the belief that they would learn their
alphabet, language, Christian doctrine and customs,
policies and transmit them in the town
afterwards.

41. • A free compulsory publicly supported system of primary schools came with the
Educational Decree of 1863
• Each town had at least two schools, one for boys and another for girls, aged from
six to fourteen years old.
• Parents who did not send their children to schools were fined ½ to 2 reales.
• As it happened in many towns, the barracks, jail, or town hall served as the
schoolhouse.
• Propagandists, like Rizal, bewailed the defects of the educational system
implemented by the Spaniards in the Philippines.

42. The Colegio de Niños was founded in 1596, an annex of the Jesuit
Colegio de Manila. Here, the sons of chiefs were taught:
• Christian doctrine
• 3R’s (Reading, wRiting, Religion)
• Vocal and instrumental music
• Handicrafts

43. Two kinds of teaching:
• Priesthood
• General Secondary Education

45. 1865-1901, the Society of Jesus administered the Escuela Normal de
Maestros de Manila, the first normal school to train male teachers for
primary schools, established by the decree of 1863.

46. The present University of Santo Tomas, originally called the
Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario, in 1611, was
converted into a Dominican University in 1645.

47. Opened in 1620, the present Colegio de San Juan de Letran was originally
founded as the Seminario de Niños Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo. Since
1640, it was known by its present name and is now considered oldest secondary school
in the Philippines.

48. The first boarding schools for Spanish girls in the Philippines were the
Colegios (secondary schools) of Santa Potenciana (1591-1864) and Santa
Isabel (1632)
• Daughters of upper-class Spaniards were called “beaterios”. These
beaterios included the Beaterio de la Compama de Jestis (now the
Religious of the Virgin Mary) founded in 1684; Santa Catalina de Sena
(1696); San Sebastian de Calumpang (1719); Santa Rita de Pasig (1740);
and Santa Rosa (1750).

50. The 19th century saw the establishment of other colegios for women: the
Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Concordia, now Concordia College
(1868); and Assumption College (1892). A primary school set up in 1864 by
the Ayuntamiento of Manila — the Municipal Girls School

52. As decreed by Governor Narciso Claveria in 1849, names of Filipinos were
influenced by Hispanic culture. Filipinos were obligated to adopt surnames like
Rizal, Del Pilar, Luna etc., although some indigenous surnames like Mabini,
Malantic, Dandan, and Panganiban, were retained.
Why Filipinos are given family names?
- as bases for census and statistics, for guaranteed exact tax collection,
regular performance of polos y servicios personates, and control of population
movement, thereby avoiding unauthorized migration, tax evasion, and other
abuses.

53. Bahay-Kubo for the class “pobre” of Filipinos
Bahay-Na-Bato
with a wide azotea/
batalan/banguerahan

54. Both Spanish and Chinese influenced the Filipino table. Filipino ingenuity is still
reflected in the Spanish-introduced but already indigenized dishes as the adobo,
menudo, sarciado, pochero, or mechado, and the Chinese-derived noodle preparations
which have been Filipinized into pancit Malabon and pancit luglog.

55. Kanggan and bahag (loincloth) were transformed into the barong tagalog or camisa
chino and trousers, respectively. Hats replaced the putong, and shoes and slippers
became part of men’s fashion. And the baro and saya for women. Jewelry and body
ornaments was used also

56. Nobody can deny the extent of the Spanish loan words that filtered
into the major and minor languages of the Philippines like dasal from
rezar, byahe from viaje, etc.. Conversely, the Filipinos also
contributed to enrich the Spanish language camarin from kamalig,
carinderia from karihan, and molave from mulawin.

57. With the conversion of the Filipinos, fiestas honouring the saints were
introduced. From January to December, there were fiestas from the town to
the barrio level all over the lowland Christianized Philippines. The births or
anniversaries of members of the Spanish royalty were also occasions for
festive merry making. Indeed, it was not only a socializing factor but also one
of the most potent allurements for the yet unbaptized Filipinos. Religious
dramas were also introduced.

59. (ritual co-parenthood) came
with baptism, and marriages to
further strengthened existing
extended kinship relations.

61. The precolonial “baybayin” (syllabic writing) was supplanted by the Latin
alphabet as part of the Hispanization of the Filipinos. By the mid-eighteenth
century, it was observed that it was already rare to find a Filipino who
still knew how to read them, much less write them.

62. “The early missionaries in the Philippines as those in Mexico were
prone to regard the ancient writings equally with the objects used in
such worship as was practiced by the native people as works of the
evil one, lienee they ruthlessly destroyed these signs of culture
whenever and wherever found.”
-James Robertson

63. The potent appendages of education
were the printing press, books and libraries.
When the Spanish friars introduced the
art of printing in the Philippines, their primary
purpose was to facilitate their work of
converting the Filipinos
.

64. The three earliest books published at the Parian of Manila in 1593
• Doctrina Christiana,
en lengua espanola y tagala
• Wu-chi T'ien-chu cheng-chiao chen-ch'uan shih-lu
(A Discussion of the Real Traditional Propagation of the True Religion)
• Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china

65. As far as records show, the earliest known Filipino writers during the
seventeenth century were an unknown Tagalog laditio (bilingual) poet
- May bagyo ma't may dilim (“Though Stormy and Dark”) in 1605
- Salamat nang ualang hangga (“Eternal Thanks”), Fernando Bagongbanta
- Salamat nang ualang hoyang (“Endless Thanks”), Pedro Suarez Ossorio
In the eighteenth century, Gaspar Aquino de Belen, Felipe de Jesus and
Jose de la Cruz (“Huseng Sisiw”) ranked among the more famous ones.

66. May 1596 - Governor Francisco Tello was instructed by the crown
that in order to make reduccion successful, the Filipinos should be
taught Castilian. For instance, in 1792, Filipinos were strictly
forbidden to speak their own dialects in convents, monasteries and
courts, where only Spanish should be the medium of communication.
But the Spanish friars considered an uneducated Filipino who knew
Spanish a future "filibustero”.

67. Theocentric Literature
- awit (dodecasyllabic quatrain)
- corrido (octosyllabic quatrain), and
- metrical romances
Examples:
• Anti-Muslim melodramas
• Pasyon - the vocal interpretation of the sinakulo
• Zarzuela

68. T. H. Pardo de Tavera blamed the corridos “which consisted their profane
reading,” the pasyons and novenas “which consisted their religious
readings,” as the roots of “ignorantism” of Philippine society.
There were no books on political science in the library collection which
would have politicized the Filipinos before the outbreak of the Philippine
Revolution in 1896.

69. COLONIAL ARTS
Christianity produced the variegated forms of Filipino arts and crafts
surrounding the religious fiestas. The visual arts (painting and sculpture),
like the making of imagenes, santoses, and jewelry, bloomed during this time.
Folk art observed during fiestas are seen up to this day in the whittled
bamboo arch decorations (kaluskos), moriones, rosaries, combs, the
palaspas, the Christmas parols, pastillas wrappers, and colorful art
presentation in foods served, as pan de San Nicolas, atsara or sapin-sapin.

71. The early missionaries also facilitated Filipino conversion by using
Hispanic music along with the introduction of Western instruments
such as the organ, harp, guitar, and piano. The Franciscan friars
were the most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization, using
children in teaching both Gregorian and Figurado chants.

73. Despite the more than three hundred years of Spanish domination using the Sword
and the Cross, Spain was not successful in completely Hispanizing the indios.
”Pre-colonial Filipino society was not obliterated with the coming of the
Spaniards, as their responses to Hispanization varied. . . from acceptance to
indifference and rejection. . . [and] they adapted many Hispanic features to their
own indigenous culture. They were “partially Hispanized” and never lost that
Malaysian stratum which to this day remains the foundation of their culture.”
- John Leddy Phelan, Historian

74. By the end of the Spanish rule, the transformation of the Philippine
colony had created a blending of the native and Spanish cultures which
became the bases of Filipinism or nationalism.
Thus, when the Filipinos passed to another colonial era it was the
synthesis of foreign and native which guided their behaviour and
response to the next century.

76. INSIGNE, Janssen Harvey P.
EVANGELISTA, Luigi Miguel M.
MAGAT, Ralph Gerard B.
MEDINA, Jorge Ivan P.
YUMANG, John Elmer B.

77. ANO ANG NAGING EPEKTO NG
PANANAKOP NG MGA ESPANYOL
SA KASALUKUYANG PANAHON?